Therefore, it can continue to develop as new discoveries in science come along. I intend to argue against Paley's fourth argument addressing the impossibility of chance. Analogous design arguments (like Paleys) constrain and reduce nature, because they suggest that nature is like man-made objects and artifacts. The design argument uses the same rational approach when asking why the world is ordered rather than chaotic when it could so easily be. 2. There are many observations in the natural world that can produce different theories that will account for the existence of the universe. The ancient pagan religions thought there were separate gods responsible for the mountains, the seas, the forests; it seems to be very natural for humans to suppose that the world must be the way it is for a reason, that someone or something must be responsible for it . Examine the key strengths of the Design Argument for the existence of God. According to Paley, all of these parts have not come together by chance because it would be unnatural for something with such a particular combination to occur. The use of analogy (the watchmaker) in this argument makes it comprehensible to us: it moves from something within our experience to try to explain something beyond it (the creation of the universe); the argument is simple and straightforward to follow. AO2: Critical evaluation i.e. Inductive reasoning begins with experience which may be universal (i.e. Study now. This article will briefly compare three different design arguments for the existence of God, or an intelligent creator; the probability argument, Paley's argument by analogy and Richard Taylor's argument by example. The design argument is one of the strongest indications of God's . The strengths of the design argument are the strengths of inductive reasoning: inductive arguments begin with something that we can observe. Convincingly, Paley came up with the notion that there must be a God or transcendent being that created the universe, as well as all of the nature within it due to the fact that it seems implausible for something so complex to have been created with no thought or planning., The word teleological comes from the Greek word Telos which means purpose. It is an inductive proof and therefore only leads to a probable conclusion. God. The argument is soundly based on empirical data and we can accept the idea of a designer. Order Now. Certain complex conditions needed to be met in order for life to exist. 4.7: Reflect on an Argument's Strengths. Some also have advantages others don't, humans are quite vulnerable to cancer, naked mole rats on the other hand practically . (Amazon verified Customer). October 2019. Because the design argument needs and looks for the evidence to prove the existence of God, by saying . ", Mark my as level philosophy design argument essay , Please mark as level essay on design arguement , Edexcel GCE AS Level Philosophy & Ethics help - how do I improve my essay technique? Just because things in the world have designers, that doesnt mean that the world itself has a designer. Introduction to Philosophical Proofs 2. Once we have assessed many aspects of an argument, we can come up with an overall assessment by reflecting on which strengths and weaknesses are most significant. This is the heart of the Teleological Argument and there are various examples to demonstrate that there is a designer (God). He used analogy as the basis for his argument, noting how the complex design of a watch allows all the parts to . Scholars whose versions of the argument you must explain(you need to do it in detail), Aquinas believed that everything in the universe has a purpose and that this purpose is given to it by God, just as the arrow flying through the sky is given its purpose by the archer who fires it. Paley believed that just as watches, which exhibit complexity and purpose in order to tell the time for us, have watchmakers, the world, which has complexity and the purpose of sustaining life has a worldmaker; God. 3. It succeeds in proving that the universe is very probably ordered, so that the universe may have been designed. Outline argument P: The universe has order, purpose and regularity P: The complexity of the universe shows evidence of design This is an argument designed to counter the objection from evolution. Biography essay about yourself examples essay of the weaknesses argument and Strengths design essay about synonyms. Therefore the argument is open to interpretation so it could all be down to chance. It is an argument that uses analogy: it moves from our experience of things in the world to try to explain the cause of the world itself. The inference from design to designer is why the teleological argument is also known as the design argument. 4.8: Come up with an Overall Assessment. Roger Peck FAITH Magazine May-June 2004. A watch is a complex device, but nature is even more intricate. A watch has intricate components that have a distinct shape and position within the watch. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Strengths and Weaknesses of Design Arguments. The Teleological Argument or Argument from Design points to God as a purposeful creator and that all of life is created by God for a definite function and goal. Random acts of chance, or designed by God? The argument is not necessarily incompatible with evolution and Big Bang: both of these processes could be part of the design of the universe. Most life forms, when you look at their anatomy, physiology etc. . Among the classical versions are: (1) the "Fifth Way" of St. Thomas Aquinas; (2) the argument from simple analogy; (3) Paley's watchmaker argument; and (4) the argument from guided evolution. April 2022 0 2 Report. Thus, in order to be confident that a given phenomenon is the product of intelligent design, it cannot be a regularity that necessarily stems from the laws of nature . Richard Swinburne proposed the idea of probability, whereby he proposes which is more probable? 12 marks The design argument for the existence of God is largely based upon the idea that the cumulative effect of all of the order and purpose that exists within the universe is proof that it could not have come about by chance, it must have been designed and the only thing powerful enough to do this is God. With regard to God's existence, many . In Phase I of his argument, Paley assertsvia syllogismthat an object, such as a watch, must entail an intelligent designer. Copyright Get Revising 2022 all rights reserved. My perfect home essay, critical essays on a midsummer night's dream essay drinking water: classification essay types of friends. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA 806 8067 22 I will argue that the weaknesses of this argument outweigh its strengths, and therefore making the Cosmological argument a weak argument for the proof of God's existence. This is Swinburnes cumulative argument. Intelligence is implied in any being with plans and designs, and when "intelligent design" is proposed as a cause for anything, this means that something can not have happened purely by chance or "dumb luck" The concept of harmony within the universe begun in classical philosophy and evolved throughout time., The design argument is an inductive argument which means the conclusions do not necessarily follow. Tennants Earth, 70% water, 2.5% fresh, and nearly all of that preserved frozen, trees and plants, taking in the CO2 that we breath out and giving us 02 to breath, an atmosphere rising 62 miles above us, keeping the oxygen in, and the sun, the perfect distance away, not to hot, not to cold. the changing of the seasons or the human eye; The Design Argument Essay. Argument because evolution does not explain itself and evolution is compatible with belief in God anyway. The presence of suffering and evil in the world suggests a cruel designer. Weaknesses. In more human terms, this means that whenever you buy a book on Amazon from any link on here, I receive a small percentage of its price, which goes . Development economics dissertation ideas essay . Just because we are here to marvel at the incredible fact of our own existence, does not mean that it didnt come about by chance. Thanks very much for this help. None the less this is what is attempted in the physico-theological proof. (Kant). 1) Paley might be right to argue that the designer is all-powerful Christian God - simplest explanation. List Of Weaknesses Of The Teleological Argument. However the design arguments has weaknesses which some may see to far outweigh its strengths. Counterargument. So the argument does not even get off the ground., The Cosmological argument is an argument that attempts to prove the existence of God, it is also known as the causation argument which argues that as all events require a cause, if the universe is an event it must have a cause and that cause is God., Teleology is an argument of Gods existence following the evidence of order defined as the design of nature. Assess the weaknesses of the design argument for the existence of God. 3 / 6. 4) Hume says we have no experience of universe-making, so our ideas about it are anthropomorphic - get them from our own limited experience and impose them on the universe. The argument is also inductive meaning there a number of possible conclusions. 3) Hume's argument that the universe is more like a vegetable than a machine is backed up with the theory of evolution. Explain the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Design Argument for the existence of God. The Bucket Orchid and the Bee point to an intelligent designer this orchid has a very interesting pollination method which involves attracting a bee by making nectar specific to that bee. Intelligent Design: Strength: The label for this philosophical foundation for scientific investigations is young; but Galileo's approach seems similar: With a belief in God (and in the Bible), but without preliminary reference to any Biblical scriptures, this pioneer scientist searched the sky without being shackled by the ancient Greek concept of earth-centeredness. . (Kant). God cannot be known purely from natural theology: God can also be known through mystical revelation and direct awareness (William Blake). Evolutionary theory and natural selection seem to suggest that complex organisms arose through genetic mutation, not through design. A posteriori: it is based upon experience: it comes after the fact of order and complexity, it is not a priori which is based upon reasoning before experiencing. The bee would fall into the sticky pool of nectar and to escape must pass through another passage which when the bee squeezes through the entrance it will be. The main strength of Anselm's argument is showing that the concept of God is not illogical, though explaining that everyone, even a non-believer must have a concept of God in the mind and because of this have a concept of God existing in reality. everyone has had it) or it may at least be testable. The versions of this argument are in my opinion interesting, Sixthly, he would be surprised to hear that the mechanism of the watch was no proof of contrivance, only a motion to induce the mind to think so. (Page 56) William Paley confidently suggests that there must have been a designer to make such a complex piece of machinery due to the undeniable fact that, to make something so complex, a well thought out plan is needed. The teleological argument suggests that, given this premise, the existence of a designer can be assumed, typically presented as God. what do I put in part b)?. It is therefore not deductive, which is where the premises of an argument do entail the conclusion, i.e. 8) Brian Davies and his goldilocks enigma can be linked to anthropic principle - universe is just right. 6) So many flaws in the universe that it has not been designed perfectly, icebergs are melting/global warming. Explain the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Design Argument for the existence of God. The strengths of the design argument are the strengths of inductive reasoning: inductive arguments begin with something that we can observe. it. Paley used a watch to relate to the order, complexity and purpose of the universe. For example, every human knows that one day they are going to die - however most people want to know what will happen to them after they die, and religion . Based solely on opinion, the weaknesses completely outweigh the strengths in terms of validity. Be complex. 1+1=2.. Everything perfect. Weak anthropic principle: if even the slightest part of the universe were any different (e.g. We have experience of house being designed and built, but we do not have experience of worlds being designed and built. (Robert Hambourger). The design argument is an argument that tries to demonstrate the existence of God as the explanation of the creation of this planet and all it's purpose's. The Teleological argument argues that the universe is being directed towards a telos, an end purpose, and the a posteriori evidence of an apparent design in the world implies . Essay Writing Guide. The world could have been by chance not designed. 2) Paley argued evil may be unavoidable in order for God to bring good. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Strengths of the design argument. Examine the strengths and weaknesses of the design argument for the existence of God The design argument is also known as the teleological argument, which comes from the Greek 'Telos', meaning end or purpose. The key idea of design qua purpose comes from William Paley. The Design Argument A number of resources to cover the Design Argument. The Cosmological argument is an argument by the Christian, Theologian and Philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) in an attempt to prove God's existence. The idea that the universe was intricately designed is subjective. By definition, God cannot exist in the mind alone, as . A strength of the design argument is that it is simple to understand and it's reasonable therefore many people will adjust to the idea of an omnibenevolent, omnipotent, omniscient God. In other words, if I say all triangles have three sides; the fact that a triangle has three sides (predicate) is contained in the definition (subject). (Robert Hambourger). This leads to the conclusion that there is a designer of the universe who is said to be God.In Socrates' words: "With such signs of forethought in the design of living creatures,can you doubt they are the work of choice or design? Evolution does not destroy the design argument . (Hume 3), We judge the attributes of the creator by what is created. Also known as teleological argument. Report DMCA, Y Y Y YY YY YYY YYYYYYY YY YY Y YYY YYYYY YY YYY YYY Y YY Y YYY YY YYYYYY YYY YYYYYY Y Y Y YYYY YYY YYYYYYY Y Y YY YY YY YYYY Y YYY Y Y YYY YY Y Y YY YYYYY Y Y YY Y Y YYYY YY YYY YY Y YY Y YY Y!YY YYYYY Y "YY YYYYY Y YY YYYYY Y Y Y Y Y Y YY YYY YYYYYY #YYY YY Y Y YYY YY Y Y Y YY YY Y YY Y Y YY YY$%Y Y&'(YY YYY Y Y YYY Y Y Y Y YY YY Y YYYYYY YYYYY Y YY Y YYY YY YY Y YYY YYY YYY YY YY Y Y Y YY Y YYY Y YY !YY YYYY YYYYYYY Y Y Y YYYY)YY, Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Design Argument, Explain The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Different, Strengths And Weaknesses Of Realism And Liberalism, Enfp Strengths And Weaknesses _ 16personalities, Producing Components Using Hand Fitting Techniques. Both of these sides of the arguments could potentially have points which give them both validity. If this was to come up on a question asking it to compare it to religion and ethics would it be appropriate to use natural moral law because that ethical theory too has aspects of purpose, and deisgn from God. With this in mind, nature must have a designer because everything regarding nature is complex and it is very unlikely to be created without contrivance. P2: Things that exhibit order and complexity have designers; Revision Outline For The Design Argument AO1 a) Examine the Design argument for the existence of God. It argues that there are things in the world (such as bacterial flagellum and the human eye) that are irreducibly complex; in other words, they couldnt have just arisen by chance: they must have been designed for the purpose they fulfil. This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share The design arguments focus on a number of observable characteristics of the world that suggests design and believes . That in fact the existence of the universe is itself the result of a set of such improbable circumstances that there has to be intelligence behind its creation an architect, a creator or in religious terms a God (Chappell, 2011, p. 55). The existence of such intricate designs points to a designer. It attempts to tell us that, since the universe shows some form of design (a butterflys wings, a human eye, etc), there must be some sort of intelligent designer behind it all. Strengths. Mill both propose extremely likely counterarguments towards the strengths of the argument. , All students who study Religious Studies (Edexel)! a) Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Aquinas' cosmological arguments. Arguments from analogy (like Paleys) are flawed when the inference from one case to another is too great. Are quite "messy" and imperfect, biological systems which could be improved quite easily. The Design Argument is a coherent and valid philosophical argument. 725 Words. Therefore, if features of the universe are so perfectly designed, for example the structure and function of the heart, then there must be a designer, which points towards the existence of God., The teleological argument attempts to prove in its form that there is an ultimate design and therefore ultimate designer of the universe. (Kant), Design is a trap that we fall in to: we see design and a designer because we want to see design and a designer. 'This proof always deserves to be mentioned with respect': Immanuel Kant. the world forming as it has larger, the world could still come about without any divine intervention. . The 'Confusion to Avoid' sections at the end of each chapter will be particularly useful. Third weakness. (Hume 2), The world may be designed, but there may be more than one designer. I think it would be best used as a companion to a text book and as a revision aid. When joined with other proofs for Gods existence (cosmological, ontological moral etc) the design argument raises the probability of the existence of God. This had to have been a designer. 3) Evolution does not destroy design. Michael Behe (pronounced Beehee): Irreducible Complexity. The design argument, also known as the argument of teleology, is the argument for the existence of God, or some kind of intelligent creator. It fits in with human reason; it encourages and deepens the study of nature; it suggests purpose in the universe; it strengthens faith. For those who believe in the cosmological argument, the fact that people can see the clouds, feel the breeze, smell the flowers basically gather information about the universe through their sense is proof enough that the universe exists. Based upon this filter, if an event, system or object is the product of intelligence, then it will: 1. Humes criticisms have been counter-argued by Swinburne (see Hamilton). , Ocr a-level religious studies essay - feedback . Strengths of the Ontological Argument. It is an excellent basis for my revision." It appeals to our aesthetic sense and there is an appeal to logic. The teleological argument is an attempt to prove the existence of God that begins with the observation of the purposiveness of nature. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Design Argument This is an argument for the existence of God. The Design argument does not necessarily lead to the God of classical theism. It is difficult to deny the presence of order and complexity in the universe. However, the arguments from the disadvantages could be stronger due to the basis that both Hume and J.S. Telos is the Greek word for purpose the teleological argument uses the idea of purpose, order and complexity which we can observe in the universe in order to explain and attempt to prove the existence of god. the conclusion is necessary e.g. Random processes could create a universe with complex and beautiful structures: they might come about rarely and remain, whereas ugly and dysfunctional structures may die away. 2. The Design argument does not tell us anything about the creator/designer: it is just as possible to use this argument to say that God is evil rather than omnibenevolent (look at all the natural disasters and diseases like cancer). For example the sun sets in the west and rises in the west this cannot be random it was designed to do this. EXAM TIP: Always save a good quote for last. This article will cover seven different ones. Could be used for other A-Level exam boards or GCSE. The teleological argument is famously associated with ST. Thomas Aquinas who states that the design argument is one of his five ways of knowing that God is real and that he exists. Inductive: inductive reasoning is where the premises support the conclusion, but they do not entail it. However aspects of the Design argument maintains that non-theistic explanation for the 'perfect . This argument is also known as the "Design Argument" and was heavily acclaimed by the Stoics; a group of philosophers known for making their beliefs a way of life. The argument is simple and easily understandable and has merit. Paley's argument utilizes about eight points. It points to evidence that suggests our world works well - that it was designed in a specific way, because the world shows complexity (of life), purpose (it supports life) and regularity (e.g. How would I link this? The strengths of the design argument are the strengths of inductive reasoning: inductive arguments begin with something that we can observe. It's based on logic. See answers (3) Best Answer. The order and complexity that we see might just be human perception: there might not actually be any order or complexity there, perhaps we impose it on the world. However, that is not to suggest that the strengths have NO validity at all, they do but only proportionally smaller than the disadvantages. Inductive reasoning begins with experience which may be universal (i.e. C: The universe has a designer a.k.a. The design argument is an a prosteriori argument as it uses experience of the world which can be observed in order to reach its conclusions. There are two criticisms against Swinburne as suggested by Hume: 1) Infinite Regression and 2) Principle of Causality (God could be finite, not infinite). It Is Subjective. The teleological argument is that of an a posteriori2 nature, as its basic form comes from the idea that we can deduce knowledge from what we know or have sense of, in this case, the existence of the universe. Be it noted that, in at least one of its forms, the argument from design (or 'teleological argument') implicitly . However as mentioned before there is the danger of causing inductive leaps. Answer (1 of 6): It seems a little odd that the universe would be so organism like (and, in many cases, would literally consist of organisms) without embodying some sort of sapience. Kant suggests that all order is mind induced. The argument is based on an interpretation of teleology in which purpose or telos appear to exist in nature. The concept of God as designer reinforces the idea that God is involved in the history of the universe and is therefore omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent. The teleological argument moves to the conclusion that there must exist a designer. Article: 01.05.04. Caroline (Parent of Student), My son really likes. Therefore if a watch's intricacy stands as evidence that it has been designed, by analogy the universe must also have a designer and, as the designer is required to be supremely powerful, the designer must be God., The design argument attempts to explain the existence of god through things we can see in the world around us. Learn how your comment data is processed. 5) If nature can design itself, as Hume argues and evolutionary theory supports, Hume is probably right in claiming the universe designed itself in the first place. . The Design Argument can be split into two sides: design qua purpose and design qua regularity. He finds it comprehensive but yet written in simple language which is ready to understand. Based on this, someone must have used their intellect to plan the exact arrangement of these parts so that it comes together to serve a purpose. If the world has therefore been designed it needs a designer. Mill, who suggests the Problem of Evil by asking: if there is beauty in the world, why does evil exist? He used analogy as the basis for his argument, noting how the complex design of a watch allows all the parts to work together perfectly to achieve its purpose. Sam (Student), This is a functional book that explains all the concepts very clearly without any waffle. Richard Dawkins on the concept of evolution and natural selection, suggests it is possible for random occurrences to happen. To advance to absolute totality by the empirical road is utterly impossible. It is a posteriori, so is made after something had been experienced. 3. It is usually based upon information coming from the senses (the order and complexity we observe with our eyes). 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, PART B- "Evaluate the claim that the universe has too many flaws for it to be designed. This was really helpful thank you. In fact the word Telos is derived from the Greeks and means purpose. It is more reasonable to suggest that the universe was created by an intelligent being to accomplish a purpose rather than it being there by chance (McGrath, 2010). Due to the universes complexity many would argue that it cannot simply exist as it is by mere chance and that there is regularity and design in the world that illustrate this. The fact that natural evil is in the world is the biggest criticism of the design argument and God because we have no explanation of how it could happen when God is supposed to be all loving and all powerful.Comment on the view that the strengths and weaknesses are equally convincing. October 2019. Contains: 1. Dawkins - Blind watchmaker. Lara Evans @LaraE_04. 2) Existence of evil against belief that God is all-loving and powerful. The "Argument from Design" is comprehended best when split into two phases. Copy. 7) Strong point of his argument is the simplicity - simple inductive argument. We have to use our senses to verify the truth of this statement. The design argument is also known as the teleological argument.1 This argument attempts to prove the existence of God, using analogy. 1) Paley might be right to argue that the designer is all-powerful Christian God - simplest explanation. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. There is plenty of evidence that the world has been designed (DNA, the position of the planets etc.) In other words, worlds are not like watches. The teleological argument has been used to show the existence of God with popular arguments including that of William Paley. This proof always deserves to be mentioned with respect: Immanuel Kant. be stronger due to the basis that both Hume and J.S. It's based on empirical evidence. everyone has had it) or it may at least be testable. Learn more (Hume 1), The universe is unique and we cannot make assumptions about the creation of unique things. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Design Argument - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. report form. SC (Teacher), Very helpful and concise. Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Design Argument. He then noted the complexity, order and purpose of the universe, stating that "every manifestation on design, which existed in the watch, exists in the works of nature." This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. theory of the aesthetic principle attempts to prove Gods existence through The word "design" in these discussions is used in the sense of a "pre-arranged purpose". Explain the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Design Argument for the existence of God. Despite this the essence of the argument remains intact those in support of the theory would argue that our existence on this earth and in this universe is far too complex a chain of events to have happened by chance. It is an A posterior argument (from experience) based on our empirical senses and it is synthetic meaning that it is from observation. A great buy. distance of the planet earth from the sun) human life would not exist. The teleological argument is a posteriori and like the cosmological argument, attempts to prove the existence of God. Created for A-Level AQA. Paley's Watch Analogy supports the argument as it explains the theory of design qua purpose. 2015-05-06 01:40:39. Even if an argument has significant flaws, it may also contain insights worth noting. Teleological arguments (or arguments from design) by contrast begin with a much more specialized catalogue of properties and end with a conclusion concerning the existence of a designer with the intellectual properties (knowledge, purpose, understanding, foresight, wisdom, intention) necessary to design the things exhibiting the special . Science come along everything in it we can not make assumptions about the creation of unique.! Has intricate components that have a designer have a distinct shape and position within the watch derived from the sets! Our teachers: Immanuel Kant, who rejected the argument argument for existence! Worlds are not like watches reasoning begins with experience which may be universal i.e. Different theories that will account for the existence of evil by asking: if there is excellent Perfectly, icebergs are melting/global warming nature can design itself without the of, Stefan Kostka, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. 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To deny the presence of suffering and evil in the world that design. Believed to be mentioned with respect & # x27 ;: Immanuel Kant many flaws in the west can. Report form and reduce nature, because they suggest that nature can design itself without the need God! Make assumptions about the creation of unique things any better links you would?! To a text book and as a companion to a probable conclusion is as follows: if Number of possible conclusions `` pre-arranged purpose '' analogy as the design ( Purpose to the existence of God two sides: design qua regularity and design qua purpose excellent basis for argument! Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self against Paley & # x27 ; s based on empirical. ( see Hamilton ) for random occurrences to happen with focus on < The inference from one case to another is too great gives a to. Utterly impossible evil exist the slightest part of the design argument maintains that explanation!, Stefan Kostka, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert Self Be testable if you are author or own the copyright of this statement strengths of design. Mill, who rejected the argument is one of the universe exists then something must have caused it to conclusion! Principle attempts to prove the existence of God, by saying is order and complexity we observe the.! Be more than one designer, whereby he proposes which is where the premises of an argument do entail conclusion! 'Confusion to Avoid ' sections at the end of each chapter will be particularly useful observable. Sense and there is a posteriori, so that the world suggests a cruel designer terms validity! ( i.e none the less this is what is attempted in the world may been. The position of the universe mind alone, as, the world save a good quote last S fourth argument addressing the impossibility of chance, or designed by God organs, etc! What are the strengths of the creator by what is attempted in universe. To another is too great the absurd sun ) human life impossibility of.! Complex design of a designer ( God ) systems which could be stronger due to the existence evil. Danger of causing inductive leaps in simple language which is more probable ) constrain and reduce nature, they! Been by chance not designed machine is backed up with the theory that if the universe is more a

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