European Food Safety Authority When Food Is Cooking Up a StormProven Recipes for Risk Communications 2017. Six propositions on public participation and their relevance for risk communication. The principles for effective risk communication concerning Wuhans outbreak management were also discussed. Having a statewide disability position to help enforce ADA compliance better ensures that messages are made available in formats that are accessible to the relevant audiences (e.g., large print with sing language interpreter, appropriate color contrast, sound options, etc.). Though specific emergency stages are not addressed in this publication, issues regarding accessibility in the context of public health emergencies generally are addressed. New York, NY: Random House. Weather reporters as spokespersons. Informants at all the sites we visited indicated that they translated risk communication materials into multiple languages. Some possible solutions that may not be particularly resource-intensive may enhance public awareness and increase compliance with public health recommendations. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism-Biodefense Strategy Practice and Science, 2(3), 195-207. This research was funded by the National Social Science Fund Youth Program, grant number 18CZZ010. [73] Better representation of different types of studies (e.g., observational studies, experimental studies) and different types of methods or analytical approaches (e.g., representative survey samples, quantitative analysis) would facilitate the growth of a strong evidence base that can offer specific guidance on communication interventions for vulnerable populations. Use of health promotores is consistent with recommendations from the literature to enlist community members as partners in message development and dissemination. April is Family Preparedness Month in Oklahoma. This guidance continues to emphasize the importance of including at-risk populations in emergency preparedness activities; documenting efforts to identify, quantify, and communicate with at-risk populations; and ensuring that these populations participate in all preparedness planning activities and exercises. US Department of Health and Human Services: Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response: Topic Collection: Risk Communications and Emergency Public . Offers guidance to assure that risk communication can be accessible to and acted upon by disabled persons. This must be done in rapid timeframes and without knowing everything about the crisis. An early epidemiological investigation revealed that bats may be the native host of COVID-19 [20]. We focused the compendium search on material that was both widely and readily available (from websites of major national organizations) through a snowball-sampling strategy that began with the identification of government and national organizations whose focus was on public health and emergency preparedness (e.g., American Red Cross), vulnerable populations (e.g., National Organization on Disability), or both (e.g., Disability Preparedness Center). Use Adobe Acrobat Reader version 10 or higher for the best experience. Viswanathan, M., et al. For example, one state accessed a large volunteer base of trained instructors and presenters who were skilled in different languages and were from different cultures. As described in the literature review in Task 3 of this project,[3] vulnerable populations face specific challenges in their ability to access, process, and act on risk communication and may have particular needs before, during, and after emergencies. California informants noted the importance of cross-training so that both emergency preparedness and response professionals as well as at-risk populations learn from each others perspectives. This approach to risk communication is consistent with tailoring the format to the audience and using active approaches to engage that audience, key principles arising from the compendium. Social media outlets play an important role in the dissemination of information to the public. ND = natural disaster; TT = terrorist threat or incident; IDO = infectious disease outbreak; OE = other emergency; MMD = man-made disaster; UNS = unspecified. A Fact Sheet for People who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing, Winter Storms-- Are You Ready? Ready or Not? [(accessed on 10 March 2020)]; China Coronavirus: Misinformation Spreads Online about Origin and Scale. (2006). Journal of Health Communication, 12(3), 217-232. Within this, three themes arose. 2004). Emergency preparedness: Knowledge and perceptions of Latin American immigrants. The Gospel Program is an effort to partner with local churches to disseminate Plan 9 materials. Chan School of Public Health, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard Chan Executive and Continuing Professional Education on Twitter. Based on these principles and lessons from Wuhan's case, this paper employed a simplified Government-Expert-Public risk communication model to . It also includes stage of preparedness, which was catalogued as preparedness, response, or recovery. Standing Together: An Emergency Planning Guide for America's Communities. R6-SCPHTC . The Wuhan government officially announced that the whole city would be under large-scale quarantine at 10 a.m., which meant the beginning of formal and comprehensive management on this outbreak. For example, do they survey their at-risk constituents to assess whether communication efforts were successful at increasing preparedness behaviors and response following actual emergencies? More systematic evaluation to determine the impact of risk communication for at-risk populations would provide valuable information to guide the field in enhancing preparedness, response, and recovery. Conduct trainings, drills, and exercises (including those that include risk communication for at-risk populations). On 7 February, Dr. Li died from COVID-19, and his death unleashed an upsurge of emotion, with the public strongly criticizing the governments management of their response to the initial outbreak [39]. The manual is the basis for all other CERC materials and trainings. U.S. House of Representatives. Soc Pract Rev. The compendium targeted materials that are widely available (e.g., through national organizations) and easily accessible on the Internet. (2007). The Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2006. Nelson, C., Lurie, N., & Wasserman, J. [32] Thus, if one member of the social network was able to access the Internet, the benefits would reach a larger audience. This part of the task was more qualitative, although structure was provided through the use of a standardized score sheet. The compendium targets resources that are widely available (e.g., through national organizations) and easily accessible (i.e., on the web). Risk Analysis, 14, 779-88. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preparedness for allied health professionals: Risk communication training in a rural state. A Fact Sheet for People who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing, Emergency Preparedness for Dialysis Facilities-- A Guide for Chronic Dialysis Facilities, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Administration on Aging: Emergency Assistance Guide, Bioterrorism and Other Public Health Emergencies Altered Standards of Care in Mass Casualty Events Prepared by: Health Systems Research, Inc. AHRQ Publication No. [8] (pp. Florida is working with high school youth as mitigators for disasters to raise awareness among youth in their schools and their families. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds. The lessons learned from their efforts may be useful to other states. Finally, the use of interpersonal and social networks, often through community organizations such as faith communities, and other community groups are important channels for reaching at-risk populations. Communication is a critical component of helping individuals prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies. Risk communication is critical to emergency management. Numerous materials on various types of disasters are available for download. Blanchard, J.C., et al. The two resources for which there was disagreement were excluded from Phase 3 review (and are not part of the 41 all-stars). By utilizing this framework, one can then think about evaluating the relative importance of different factors and design interventions. ), Communicating Risks to the Public. In the JFO, primary responsibility for risk communication with vulnerable populations would fall to the External Affairs Officer (EAO). ), Social Theories of Risk. Continue with Facebook. In our assessment, we identified a number of advancements in the area of risk communication for at-risk populations. Campbell-lendrum D., Manga L., Bagayoko M., Sommerfeld J. You must listen; do not make assumptions. 2, pp. As such, the NRP addresses emergency preparedness, response, and recovery, but also prevention. Through the course of this study, we identified a number of areas that warrant additional research. Clinical Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection in China. Because little rigorous evidence is currently available in this area, we set out to identify what information does exist and to learn where more research is needed to fully inform policy makers about meeting the communication needs of at-risk populations. Diverse cultures, low-income, seasonal farm workers. In addition, there are also opportunities for mutual learning that would allow for formative research, improve health departments cultural competence, and enhance the capacity of organizations, including faith-based organizations, to serve their communities. This interactive participation may not solve a public health crisis, but it will help reduce unwarranted fear, anxiety and distrust. (1994). This 2.5 hour, interactive course teaches health communicators about the following topics: reactions the public might have during a public health emergency, effective communication strategies, how to communicate with the media, how to work with the community, and the importance of developing communication plans before an incident occurs. What does the public know about ebola? In addition, homebound care training was evaluated with a survey of aides at multiple assessments to determine whether clients had obtained the core items in the Plan 9 list, and case manager training is evaluated through required reporting every six months. Coordinate risk communication planning with state/local agencies and non-government partners. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 95(1), 27-31. These infections may either be asymptomatic or have symptoms that include fever, cough, and shortness of breath [21,22]. Specific messages have not yet been developed; however, the Push Partner Program offers a unique opportunity for getting messages out to at-risk populations through a community partnership approach. Further Evidence submitted: An academic group from Fudan University, Shanghai, found the SARS-like coronavirus and submitted the finding to the National Health Commission on 5 January. Not surprisingly, one prominent attitude was complacency. As noted previously, this community participation approach is well supported by the literature review. These could be most easily received by a wide range of at-risk populations, including those who do not speak English. This form needs Javascript to display, which your browser doesn't support. Improving Risk Communication. Evaluating the impact of risk communication efforts and sharing lessons can inform future messaging. Rutten, L.J.F., Auguston, E.M., Moser, R.P., Beckjord, E.B., & Hesse, B.W. Swift, clear, and accurate public health crisis communication plans prevent disasters from spiraling and they save lives. To identify which of these specifically addressed vulnerable populations (Criterion B), the review team conducted a second, more thorough abstract review of these 203 citations. Health communication refers to communication strategies built to enrich health information to the public and community and impact their health behaviours, practices and decisions. Appropriate Governance Responses to Infectious Disease Threats: Developing Working Hypotheses. Finally, in reviewing a relatively small sample of statutes, regulations, and related reports deemed relevant for inclusion and the limited applicability of the DAF in characterizing these references, our incorporation of these citations into the larger review was somewhat limited. (2006). In addition, the guidance identifies the general risk communication activities states were expected to perform under the funding they receive from the CDC. For example, more evidence is needed for communicating risk as it relates to the post-event/recovery stage of emergencies for at-risk populations. Training the public to address the needs of at-risk populations. From the literature on public health emergency risk communication, we reviewed the relatively small portion (20 percent) that specifically addresses vulnerable populations. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. Cultural and social factors that may affect communication such as mistrust may also require different dissemination channels to increase the impact of messages. In particular, developing a registry for those who are ventilator-dependent or are otherwise dependent on electrical devices can help identify where at-risk groups reside and help evacuate them to a safer environment if power is lost. Risk Analysis, 6(3), 275-281. Thus, liability of emergency managers who maintain those registries is of concern. Vulnerability assessments as a routine part of public health preparedness are critical to informing risk communication strategies. Given the wide-ranging set of possible sources, a snowball-sampling strategy was necessary. The interim reports use the term vulnerable populations instead of at-risk populations. These resources provide public health officials information for identifying at-risk groups and developing Community Outreach Information Networks (COINs . Food & Water Risk Assessments (FWRA) are conducted when there are no or insufficient DoD approved food sources available to support short-term events and exercises outside the continual United States (OCONUS). In Oklahoma, the emphasis is on tornados and ice storms, with some attention to wildfires and floods. Source: This table is a content summary from Sellnow et al. (2005). For example, we also learned about the importance of CBOs that are closely linked to non-English speaking populations in helping to ameliorate concerns of immigrants they will be reported to the immigration and naturalization service and mistrust of public health officials. Trust and credibility are your most important assets when communicating risk information. Findings from the evaluation suggest that the field, defined by the intersection of public health emergency risk communication and at-risk populations, is relatively new. The message-centered approach offers scientific and systematic methods to achieve convergence and to avoid asymmetric information around issues of risk. This summary includes descriptions of the types of vulnerable populations; the stages of emergency preparedness, response, and recovery; the types of public health emergencies; the functional areas; and the barriers to risk communication addressed in the literature to date. The site is secure. Most common were themes related to the clarity and understandability of the resources, closely followed by comprehensiveness and having an action orientation. Background Using the most effective methods and techniques for communicating risk to the public is critical. Inconsistent or ambiguous messaging,[7, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 33, 44, 57, 69, 72] emotional interference,[30, 32, 33, 37, 38, 46, 62, 65, 67, 69] and incorrect assumptions[7, 23, 28, 29, 31, 32, 72] were addressed in several citations as well. Lay health advisor interventions among Hispanics/Latinos: A qualitative systematic review. In particular, it is important to consider the likelihood that certain factors need to be addressed for successful emergency risk communication. Few informants reported challenges or barriers to conducting risk communication that were specific to senior citizens. Those with serious mental illness may have cognitive deficits that limit their ability to comprehend messages. Accordingly, the SNAKE report suggests that the Federal Communications Commission remind purveyors of emergency information that emergency communications must be accessible to individuals with visual and hearing disabilities. Involving at-risk populations in preparedness activities (e.g., involving children with disabilities in school-based drills or senior citizens in influenza vaccination clinic exercises) can provide valuable lessons for future disasters. ECQ Program Alignment Grid for U.S. Federal Government. The Metropolitan Washington Area has evaluated several of its programs. Renn, O., & Levine, D. (1991). Therefore, emergency messages should suggest alternative means of storing food and materials to help these populations overcome these economic barriers. Task 3: Literature review. Site visit informants reported that their constituents are very diverse ethnically, making it nearly impossible to translate risk communication materials into all the languages needed. Vulnerable populations may have special needs related to each of these goals. Once an updated investigation is available, the information ought to be disclosed immediately. Thus, trainings, drills, and exercises should incorporate the unique aspects of at-risk populations. In addition, this communication results in a response from the receiver, which can then be evaluated against the desired response [44]. Dwelling on such information could potentially damage credibility of the source. McGuire, W.J. Providing a sense of agency is very helpful.. Recognize people's emotions. These specific examples may not be news to some individuals, but were to the reviewers, and may also be to other individuals. GIS maps are increasingly used in public health research to examine distributions of disease incidence[63] and health-related knowledge[64] and could also be purposed to develop effective communication campaigns for vulnerable populations. Communication exercises. At the stage of risk assessment, the consensus of experts judgments about the risk will ensure to assign an accurate probability for each possible consequence, to initiate each action, and to establish the rational decision as that which minimizes the negative outcomes and maximizes the expected benefits [34,47,48]. Four Kinds of Risk Communication. This one-year project provides the groundwork to inform the Secretarys obligation under the Pandemic and All-Hazard Preparedness Act (PAHPA) to plan for the needs of at-risk populations. Web-based Training - Self-study. For additional information about this subject, you can visit the DALTCP home page at http://aspe.hhs.gov/_/office_specific/daltcp.cfm or contact the ASPE Project Officer, Emily Rosenoff, at HHS/ASPE/DALTCP, Room 424E, H.H. This suggests that most risk communication messages and dissemination strategies should be designed to match the abilities and resources of individuals, rather than their disabilities. an effective risk communication, in general, means that all related risk messages can be presented and shared to participants in a risk communication process openly and timely, aiming to rectify the knowledge gap between the originators of information and those receiving the information, and adjust the public's behavior to cope with the risk Vulnerable populations are often not able to access and use the standard resources offered in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.[3] For example, people with physical disabilities may have mobility limitations and special needs related to access to emergency preparedness communications. It is vitally important to understand the basic concepts of risk communication and to ensure that communication among stakeholders ( Fig. [5] In addition, less than 30 percent of a sheltered population had access to American Sign Language interpreters so that individuals with hearing impairment had no ability to receive information about risks and recovery. Partnering with CBOs that are competent to serve their own communities is one way to enhance the competence of the health department staff, build the capacity of the CBO staff, increase trust and credibility, and ultimately strengthen the relevance of the messages, channels and spokespersons. Dhami M.K. The publics feedback enables the government to adjust its emphasis of information delivery and provide information in relation to the publics own interests and valuescommunication can be most effective when it reflects an understanding of what the public wants to know [43,45]. Moreover, once internalized, these perceptions are difficult to alter. The available investigations indicate that the virus has the characteristic of human-to-human transmission and is even infectious during incubation. Role of a database-driven web site in the immediate disaster response and recovery of an academic health center: The Katrina experience. Timeline of official reports about infected cases by the Wuhan Health Commission. The compendium resources also parallel the results of the literature review with respect to functional areas addressed. The content of those messages may involve input from the Oklahoma Departments of Health and Rehabilitative Services or other state agencies, depending on the issues involved. As of January 2020, many patients have been found and identified as being infected by a novel coronavirus in Wuhan. Contracting with disability organizations. Indeed, there are several challenges to the empirical study of public health preparedness given that full scale public health emergencies are (fortunately) rare events. In fact, state and local government websites are legally obligated to provide equal access to information for PWD under the ADA (http://www.ada.gov/websites2.htm; http://www.section508.gov). [(accessed on 11 February 2020)]; How do Experts Opinions Influence the Decision Making for Control the Novel Coronavirus? Kirkpatrick, D.V., & Bryan, M. (2007). Table 1 displays the proportion of the 41 all-stars rated as truly extraordinary (the highest rating) on the six score sheet dimensions. Upgrading the response at the Central level: CCDC activated the highest I Level Response of Public Health Emergency. We made many attempts to garner such information through informal conversations with emergency preparedness experts, emergency preparedness conference attendees, and Internet searches. One mechanism that facilitates dissemination of risk communication messages in California includes contracting with disability organizations to leverage resources. We learned from informants in California and Florida that they are developing messages in pictorial format in order to reach the broadest audience. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 2(3), 175-185. When they did specify an emergency type, it was most likely a natural disaster (an emergency type particularly common in resources targeting children). In addition, embedding risk communication activities into other ongoing activities such as adding written materials to standard program or agency mailings using strategies that work in other community settings, may help engage individuals from at-risk populations to participate in preparedness. In addition, training through exercises and drills that include risk communication for at-risk populations may improve response to future disasters. [22, 23] Several of the references in this review suggested that risk communication with vulnerable populations is most likely to succeed when messages are provided early, often, in multiple formats (e.g., television, print (verbal and pictorial), audio, Internet, interpersonal), and when the content of messages and their presentation are tailored to be locally and personally (including linguistically) relevant. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds. Due to the knowledge gap, experts and laypeople tend to perceive risks in different ways and tend to use different terms to discuss them [41]. October 2005 Report for the PEW Internet and American Life Project. Tailoring messages to each at-risk population is resource-intensive, and most state informants are not trained in messaging for each population. Her e-mail address is: Emily.Rosenoff@hhs.gov. The literature review revealed that some vulnerable populations are especially underrepresented in the peer-reviewed literature, such as institutionalized individuals, individuals with pharmacological dependency, and pregnant women. Nor did we examine the effectiveness of new technology approaches for reaching at-risk populations. Chemical (VX) terrorist threat: Public knowledge, attitudes, and responses. Mileti DS, Fitzpatrick C. Communication of public risk: its theory and its application. Langer, Langer, N. (2004). Source: This timeline is a summary of paraphrased reports from Chinas official media. The remaining few focused on terrorist threats or incidents, infectious disease outbreaks, other emergencies (primarily fires), and man-made disasters. Table 1 lists nine aspects of best practices of risk communication on the basis of the message-centered approach. 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