So, although the morphological changes in red blood cells are not as well supported in this paper as we would like, we hope to plant seeds for future research to explore this phenomenon. Most RF exposures contain ELF pulsing and/or modulation. The Bioinitiative Report [42], updated in 2020, summarizes hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific papers documenting evidence of nonthermal effects from exposures 1 mW/cm2. In patients with severe COVID-19 disease, decreased hemoglobin along with elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin [62], serum ferritin [63], and low oxygen saturation [64] provide additional support for this hypothesis. 14. Referring to a paper which is officially criticized by a peer-reviewed letter to the editor, without referring to the criticism is inappropriate. The Link between Radiofrequencies Emitted from Wireless Technologies and Oxidative Stress. Therefore, we cannot estimate accurately the values of these signal parameters including ELF components or predict their variability over time. hopkins Medical Laboratory Near Me in Smithtown, NY. We had already cited and discussed this paper and its ramifications in our Discussion Section. I completed review process of the manuscript numbered as JCTRes-D-21-00034_reviewer. So again, I feel that this paper has made its point, that further research on 5G and the non-thermic effects on the bodys physiology, need to be studied further and more comprehensively, before 5G is implemented worldwide to blanket the earth, and then makes any future research difficult to do, since soon it will already be in widespread use, and will serve to inhibit most controlled studies, that would then require large faraday shielding cages. Increased intracellular Ca+2 results from the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels, and this may be one of the primary mechanisms of action of WCR on organisms. In fact, dielectric spectroscopy at GHz frequencies is used to investigate the dynamics and structure of hydration water of biomolecules. Wi-Fi radiation pulse pattern. Yang M. Cell Pyroptosis, a Potential Pathogenic Mechanism of 2019-nCoV Infection. In:Clinical Application of Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. Risks to Health and Well-being from Radio-frequency Radiation Emitted by Cell Phones and Other Wireless Devices. Lines 26-27, Potekhina et al. Of numerous grading systems in use, the most common is the World Health Organization (WHO) grading system for astrocytoma, under which tumors are graded from I (least advanced diseasebest prognosis) to IV (most advanced diseaseworst prognosis). Priority Partners, EHP, and USFHP Appeals. Box. Classen-Miller and Associates This is a deeply flawed paper as described in Panagopoulos (2021). 6000 Executive Blvd Ste 625, Rockville MD, 20852. The text was modified as follows: During the first pandemic wave in the United States, COVID-19 attributed cases and deaths were statistically higher in states and major cities with 5G infrastructure as compared with states and cities that did not yet have this technology (Tsiang and Havas, 2021).. Children are less vulnerable than adults to the SARS-CoV-2 virus because they have fewer ACE2 receptors, as we explained in our first rebuttal to another reviewer. It has been reported that some viruses can manipulate voltage-gated calcium channels to increase intracellular Ca2+ thereby facilitating viral entry and replication [113]. Lines 31-33. Particulate Matter (PM) Basics. EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of EMF-related Health Problems and Illnesses. Shandala MG, Rudnev MI, Vinogradov GK, Belonoshko NC, Goncharova NM. Since the ERIP changes greatly as a function of distance, the data cannot properly be judged as being a realistic and representative mix of near and far distances, the way typical users would be represented. Introduction. Oxidative stress is caused by WCR exposure and is known to be implicated in cardiovascular disease. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the There is simply no evidence presented in this manuscript to support this conclusion. oxidative stress, reproductive damage), since the number of the reviews considering RFR is relatively high, but actual experimental studies that strongly supports the conclusion of reviews are sometimes hard to find or other times not so conclusive. In relation to this question, there is scientific data indicating that pulsed RFR is much more detrimental to biological organisms than continuous-wave (CW) radiation, which the reviewer clearly understands. We defined RFR (radiofrequency radiation) explicitly in our manuscript to mean wireless communications radiation, and not the entire radiofrequency spectrum. It is approximately 2 1010 times above the natural background. Illness from WCR exposure has been documented since the early use of radar. Authors should also specify the type of study (i.e., in vitro, animal or human study). It is very important for teens and families to know the potential risks of e-cigarettes and vape products. Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O'Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, et al. Replicated studies are often not true replications. Cell biochemistry and biophysics. may significantly differ in terms of SAR and are not fully comparable. Hypofractionated radiation therapy has similar efficacy for survival as compared to conventional radiotherapy, particularly for individuals aged 60 and older with glioblastoma. The new sentence inserted is, We explore the scientific evidence suggesting a possible relationship between COVID-19 and radiofrequency radiation including 5G (fifth generation) of wireless communication technology, henceforth referred to as RFR. - Page 3. The evidence presented here indicates that mechanisms involved in the clinical progression of COVID-19 could also be generated, according to experimental data, by RFR exposure. at umr.com. - Several bioeffects described by authors are generated by levels of exposure significantly higher than those generally recorded in urban areas. Allow 2 days for processing bef. Reviewer #11: In this work authors summarize current state of knowledge about the harmful effects of Radiofrequency radiation (RFR), with special focus on those that could possibly enhance the possibility of being infected by COVID-19. Outpatient medical services. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, Busana M, Romitti F, Brazzi L, et al. Population density, higher mean population age, and socioeconomic factors certainly influenced early viral spread. Make an Appointment. A paper reported that low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of 70.6 and 73 GHz affects E. coli bacterial growth and changes the properties of water. Huss A, Egger M, Hug K, Huwiler-Muntener K, Roosli M. Source of Funding and Results of Studies of Health Effects of Mobile Phone Use:Systematic Review of Experimental Studies. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research. Evidence from the literature summarized here suggests a possible connection between several adverse health effects of WCR exposure and the clinical course of COVID-19 in that WCR may have worsened the COVID-19 pandemic by weakening the host and exacerbating COVID-19 disease. It should read NF-kB. However, they acknowledge that measurements taken in the vicinity of a base station yielded 12 V/m and 21 V/m for the antennas baseline and maximum power, respectively. A glioma is a type of tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or the spine. This effect becomes more pronounced with higher frequencies and with faster pulse rise times, both of which are typically proportional to the transmitted data rate. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Often, tumor growth causes a breakdown of the bloodbrain barrier in the vicinity of the tumor. The link in the reference does not work or it is inactivated. Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang X, Yang L, Li H, Wang Y, et al. Moreover there have been series of replication studies on Russian reports which have reported inability to reproduce the reported effects of non-modulated microwave/mm wave signals (one example is Furia et al 1986). Right column, line 6, Should it be 100 times below or more than 1000 times below 1 mW/cm2 ? FCC96-326; ET Docket No. Right column, line 9. Cite regions that had a 5G rollout but were not hit by the pandemic, and please provide explanations for such exemptions. DNA damages are a likely major primary cause of progression to cancer in general. Box 30783 Salt Lake City, UT 84130-0783. DECT radiation pulse pattern. Thank you for your observations. Thank you for submitting your work to JCTR. Then, after the virus binds to its receptor on a host cell and enters the cell via endocytosis, the virus takes over the host cell to manufacture its components. Please call us at 800.753.2851 to submit a verbal prior authorization request if you are unable to use Electronic Prior Authorization.Prior Authorization criteria is available upon request.If you can't submit a request via telephone, please use our general request form or one of the state specific forms below. Bioelectromagnetics 18:455-461]. Replicated studies are often not true replications. 5G frequency spectrum allocations differ from country to country. Alkis ME, Bilgin HM, Akpolat V, Dasdag S, Yegin K, Yavas MC, Akdag MZ, Effect of 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain. SARS-CoV-2 Binds Platelet ACE2 to Enhance Thrombosis in COVID-19. I agree that induction of oxidative stress is the most common harmful effect observed after exposure to RFR, targeting mostly the cells with the high level of metabolism, like sperm cells. In summary, the article can be printed, but the title is very ambitious! Still the authors describe his review as referring to RFR. hmh tennessee science grade 8 answer key pdf. For acute psychiatric emergencies during evenings or weekends, seek treatment at the nearest emergency room or call 911. to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Main Menu, Masks are required inside all of our care facilities, COVID-19 testing locations on Maryland.gov, please refer to this resource page of frequently asked questions, Google Maps Directions to Children's Mental Health Center. Abnormal blood coagulation leading to micro-emboli was a recognized complication early in the history of COVID-19 [87]. We have now included this paragraph in the Discussion Section: Another weakness of this study is that some of the bioeffects from RFR exposure are inconsistently reported in the literature. Incomplete requests will be returned. Children's Mental Health Center We modified the paragraph on the blood changes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection to read as follows: Endothelial damage may occur from spike protein engagement with ACE2 receptors lining the blood vessels, even when isolated and removed from its vital RNA (Lei et al., 2021). Vaping is often marketed as a safer alternative to smoking cigarettes. Immune system activation along with alterations in the immune system may result in atherosclerotic plaque instability and vulnerability, that is, presenting an increased risk for thrombus formation, and contributing to development of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease in COVID-19. - Table 1. The new infrastructure will service the new 5G devices, including 5G mobile phones, routers, computers, tablets, self-driving vehicles, machine-to-machine communications, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Buchner K, Eger H. Changes of Clinically Important Neurotransmitters under the Influence of Modulated RF Fields a Long-term Study Under Real-life Conditions Umwelt Medizin Gesellschaft. Telehealth services available. To achieve higher data throughput QAM can be set to a larger constellation size to increase spectral efficiency. ), the more complex the communication signals become. It is a specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes the shared global use of the radio spectrum. We did not make an attempt to weigh the evidence. Franzen Air Force Report3: Physics of Pulsed Microwaves Impinging on Organic Tissue, Brillouin Precursors. These guidelines were established in 1996 (Federal Communications Commission, 1996), are antiquated, and are not safety standards. Thank you! Despite unprecedented public health protocols to quell the pandemic, the number of COVID-19 cases continues to rise. One wonders how many people died of those cool technologies, from cancer or other. Franzen, Wideband Pulse Propagation in Linear Dispersive Bio-Dielectrics Using Fourier Transforms. COVID-19 Attributed Cases and Deaths are Statistically Higher in States and Counties with 5th Generation Millimeter Wave Wireless Telecommunications in the United States. Change to: at non-thermal power densities (< 1 mW/cm2). Unjudicious usage of Temozolomide might lower the prognosis of the patients further, or increase their burden. Regarding WCR exposure bioeffects, in 1969 Christopher Dodge of the Biosciences Division, U.S. 5) Instead of using the industry standard 6 minutes and 30 minutes time averaging intervals, the authors opted to use only 30 second intervals for convenience. View: 2021 Claim Adjudication Updates. ), briefly listing the main technical differences with the previous radiofrequency networks. Having evolved within Earths extremely low-level natural radiofrequency background, organisms lack the ability to adapt to heightened levels of unnatural radiation of wireless communications technology with digital modulation that includes short intense pulses (bursts). We re-wrote and expanded upon 5G on page 2 as follows: Reference: 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project, 2020. so that the effects of the envelope shape (e.g. Employer Health Programs (EHP) GEHA. Please fax W-9 along with contact name and number to the attention of Patty Kan at (925) 941-2026. Atrial Arrhythmias in COVID-19 Patients. Havas M, Marrongelle J, Pollner B, Kelley E, Rees CRG, Tully L. Provocation Study Using Heart Rate Variability Shows Microwave Radiation from 2.4GHz Cordless Phone Affects Autonomic Nervous System. (2018, February 21). [36] For 17 of the 32 (53%) of the gliomas tested, ERCC1 protein expression was reduced or absent. In 2013, Havas observed erythrocyte aggregation including rouleaux (rolls of stacked red blood cells) in live peripheral blood samples following 10 min human exposure to a 2.4 GHz cordless phone [50]. For decades, independent research scientists worldwide have emphasized the health risks and cumulative damage caused by WCR [42,45]. How Authors could explain this different outcome in different age classes equally exposed to RFR? JOHNS HOPKINS COMMUNITY PHYSICIANS is a medical group practice located in Rockville, MD that specializes in Family Medicine. While bringing Internet access to the worlds population seems to be a good thing (in providing information to the societies that lack it now), we need to consider the Law of Unintended Consequences. Because these high frequencies are strongly absorbed by the atmosphere and especially during rain, a transmitters range is limited to 300 meters. RFR (radiofrequency radiation) from ubiquitous radiowave transmitters, including antennas, base stations, smart meters, mobile phones, routers, satellites, and other wireless devices currently in use superimposes and yields an additive average power density at a given location that typically fluctuates greatly over time. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 298(1), 95-102], and refers not only to calcium but to all cation channels. In the case of 12 gliomas (37.5%) this reduction was due to methylation of the ERCC1 promoter. 5G is a protocol that will use high frequency bands of the electromagnetic spectrum in the vast radiofrequency range from 600 MHz to nearly 100 GHz, which includes millimeter waves (>20 GHz), in addition to the currently used 3G (third generation) and 4G (fourth generation) long term evolution (LTE) microwave bands. It is still under debate, however, if these biological effects can be present in the case of frequencies and levels of RFR exposure commonly found in the urban areas where 5G networks have been implemented. 17(24):9318. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249318. It has been reported that some viruses can manipulate voltage-gated calcium channels to increase intracellular Ca2+ thereby facilitating viral entry and replication (Chen et al. We found a new link to his updated and expanded paper posted online here: Bartomeu Payeras i Cifre is indeed a single author as you indicate. To submit a revision, go to https://www.editorialmanager.com/jctres/ and log in as an Author. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. Sadly, serious injuries and illnesses have been linked to vaping. This paper points to the need for further research on nonthermal WCR exposure and its potential role in COVID-19. Transplants. The emerging understanding of how CoVid-19 has been linked to coagulation disorders, and to the hypoxic effect on the lung function of oxygenation absorption and release, via the red cells, adds additional urgency to the situation. 2The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) unites seven telecommunications standard development organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC), known as Organizational Partners and provides their members with a stable environment to produce the Reports and Specifications that define 3GPP technologies. Especially when we are still learning about the effects of the CoVid-19 pandemic itself. Cigna Behavioral Health. 5: 187-218 (2010). In this paper, we are concerned mainly on long-term health effects from chronic RFR exposure. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Pathogenesis is Related to Oxidative Stress as a Response to Aggression. According to the CDC, early disease symptoms may include sore throat, headache, fever, cough, chills, among others. Researchers are currently investigating the long-term health effects of vaping. These references on the Russian/Soviet papers have been added to the manuscript: Y. Belyaev, V. S. Shcheglov, Y. D. Alipov, and V. A. Polunin, Resonance effect of millimeter waves in the power range from 10(-19) to 3 x 10(-3) W/cm2 on Escherichia coli cells at different concentrations, Bioelectromagnetics, vol. Effects of Radio Waves of a Millimeter Frequency Range on the Body of Man and Animals. Reviewer #3: The authors have responded adequately to my comments, and I recommend publication without reservations. COVID-19 outbreaks soon followed in other areas where 5G had also been at least partially implemented, including South Korea, Northern Italy, New York City, Seattle, and Southern California. For UHSS: Mail: P.O. Thus, there are no universally accepted safety standards for wireless communication radiation exposure. We changed it to 1000 times below 1 mW/cm2. Welcome to DNoA Connect, a, One way to estimate Insurance Credentialing, nike zoomx dragonfly track and field shoes, harry potter disappears and returns years later fanfiction wbwl wattpad, Non-emergency care provided outside of West Virginia without approval from. Children's Mental Health Center - Authors should report and comment previous studies, if available, linking RFR exposure with viral diseases different from Covid-19. For UHSS: Mail: P.O. It is exactly the same with any form of modern digital wireless communications. For information about the appeals process for Advantage MD, Johns Hopkins EHP, Priority Partners MCO, and Johns Hopkins US Family Health Plan, please refer to the provider manuals or contact your network manager. [32][33] In addition, in some glioblastomas, the MGMT protein is deficient due to another type of epigenetic alteration. In summary, the article can be printed, but the title is very ambitious! Although these effects are delineated into categories blood changes, oxidative stress, immune system disruption and activation, increased intracellular calcium (Ca2+), and cardiac effects it must be emphasized that these effects are not independent of each other. 7International Telecommunication Union, Minimum Requirements Related to Technical Performance for IMT-2020 Radio Interface(s). This publication has several weaknesses that make an accurate estimation of the true exposure of the South Korean public to the newly rolled out 5G network difficult or impossible. Right column, 2nd line, explain gone live. Focused pulsed beams of radiation will emit from new base stations and phased array antennas placed close to buildings whenever persons access the 5G network. Without more accurate measurements the reader may conclude that the 5G network has the potential to double the publics exposure levels, contrary to the seemingly low contribution of 15% quoted by the authors. Such antennas are not placed in antenna parks but everywhere. 6) In the abstract the authors state that the maximum exposure level extrapolated to 200 W antenna input power reaches 4.9 V/m, or 0.6% of the ICNIRP reference level. But in a lot of studies induction of ROS after exposure is not higher than 50% of control values and some studies have even seen adaptation to the radiation with increased exposure time on the cellular level. [79] studied bioeffects following exposure to non-thermal pulsed microwaves from marine radar (3 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 9.4 GHz) and reported reduced glutathione levels and increased malondialdehyde (marker for oxidative stress) in an occupationally exposed group [79]. Retrieved August 14, 2019, from https://www.kcur.org/post/if-you-thought-vaping-was-safe-kansas-researchers-have-bad-news#stream/0, Mayo Clinic. We have augmented the discussion section of the manuscript as follows, cited this paper, and included the reference: RFR bioeffects depend upon specific values of wave parameters including frequency; power density; polarization; exposure duration; modulation characteristics; as well as cumulative history of exposure and background levels of electromagnetic, electric and magnetic fields. CCBs also block the increase of intracellular Ca2+ caused by WCR exposure as well as exposure to other electromagnetic fields [112]. The authors claim they found this much reduced interval sufficiently representative but do not produce supportive data. Studies on E. coli bacteria cultures show power density windows for microwave resonance effects for 51.755 GHz stimulation of bacterial growth, observed at extremely low power densities of 10E-13mW/cm2 (Belyaev et al., 1996). The site is secure. Above 1 mW/cm2 there can be thermal effects for frequencies 1-2 GHz. The burgeoning industry of radio frequency energy harvesting from such ambient levels to power the Internet of Things (IoT) and body-worn devices attests to todays high level of electromagnetic pollution. Although the ideas put forward by the authors are not negligible, they are open issues to criticism. It is the modulation/pulsations that make it perform its task to convey information. During the first pandemic wave in the United States, COVID-19 attributed cases and deaths were statistically higher in states and major cities with 5G infrastructure as compared with states and cities that did not yet have this technology [5]. Contact Us. The information is ALWAYS within the ELF modulation which is ALWAYS combined with pulsations in digital telecom signals. Therefore 5G involves base stations and antennas much more closely spaced than previous generations, plus satellites in orbit that will emit 5G bands globally to create a wireless worldwide web. Right column last paragraph, explain areas of consolidation, and CT scans (explain the initials). Such variations may reach 100% of the average signal intensity. Proving causation of a pandemics severity or spread to a fluctuating environmental agent such as RFR is unrealistic, perhaps impossible. Lin, J.C. 2020. Referring to microwave exposure studies without knowing this information might be very misleading. - Authors should report the average level of RFR exposure measured in at least some geographical areas implementing 5G infrastructure. (1992) whole study cannot be found. This is a very high power density. Thank you for providing these references. DOI: 10.18103/mra.v9i4.2371. So I highly support that this paper be published as soon as possible, so that its thesis can be studied and be debated by a much wider scientific audience, and further testing and research can be done, to further investigate these findings and projections for our survival in our collective future. We added the following to the Methods Section: Our approach is akin to Literature-Related Discovery, in which two concepts that have heretofore not been linked are explored in literature searches to look for linkage(s) in order to produce novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge, i.e., potential discovery (Kostoff et al., 2007)., Reference: Kostoff RN, Block JA, Solka JL, Briggs MB, Rushenberg RL, Stump JA, Johnson D, Lyons TJ, Wyatt JR. 2007. - Page 9, discussion section. using Google Translate, and we determined that this statement is accurate. Thank you for this reference. Pathophysioloy. The directional concentration of RF energy in sector antennas, typically used in 4G base stations, and the highly collimated pencil beam generated by phased array antennas used in 5G greatly increase the so-called equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and effective radiated power (ERP). Nonetheless, we fully agree with the reviewer that the information in wireless communications radiation is carried by pulsing or other modulations. However, contrary to what you wrote, Chens claim is upheld, because following endocytosis and viral takeover of the host cell, certain viral proteins, which are then manufactured in the host cell, manipulate calcium channels and increase intracellular Ca2+. These include flavoring chemicals like diacetyl, heavy metal particles, compounds like formaldehyde, and ultrafine particles. Human exposure to ambient WCR significantly increased in 2020 as a side effect to the pandemic. Acute Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Emitted by Mobile Phone on Brain Function. In this way, the reader is referred to particular sections of the text to obtain details regarding RFR exposure parameters and literature citations. So, although the morphological changes in red blood cells are not as well supported in this paper as we would like, we hope to plant seeds for future research to explore this phenomenon. This includes 2G-3G-4G and 5G as well. [65] Whilst, evidence is uncertain on whether there are long term neurocognitive side effects associated with chemoradiotherapy. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 298 (1), 95102. Therefore, the authors understate the 5G contributing factor to the overall exposure by more than 10-fold. This bias was reported in a systematic review [Huss, A., M. Egger, K. Hug, K. Huwiler-Muntener, M. Roosli. Since living organisms consist of mostly water, organisms absorb GHz, too. A link between gliomas and electromagnetic radiation from cell phones has not been conclusively proven. However, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC, a US government entity) and ICNIRP (International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) guidelines operate on thermal limits based on outdated data from decades ago, allowing the public to be exposed to considerably higher RFR power densities. Community public health response to the pandemic dramatically influenced the spread and intensity of COVID-19 once it became established within a community. Virus entry by endocytosis. 2019). The main types of glioma are:[52], Gliomas are further categorised according to their grade, which is determined by pathologic evaluation of the tumor. The new PMC design is here! For practical purposes estimates are produced that offer a rough guidance. Results of a Long-term Low-level Microwave Exposure of Rats. An ICEMS Monograph. Join LiveJournal Belyaev, I., A. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Skills Training Individual and family therapy focusing on adolescents who engage in self-defeating behaviors. Ushalov, Nonthermal effects of extremely high-frequency microwaves on chromatin conformation in cells in vitro - Dependence on physical, physiological, and genetic factors, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 48 (2000) 2172-2179. However, as we wrote in other responses in this Second Rebuttal, there is evidence for nonthermal bioeffects of continuous microwaves, unmodulated, for example, on water and the hydration of biomolecules that can subsequently affect their structure and function, and lead to microwave bioeffects, as well as evidence for cardiac arrhythmias due to exposure to continuous millimeter waves. In 1997, a review reported that some investigators discovered cardiovascular changes including arrhythmias in humans from long-term low-level exposure to WCR including microwaves [124]. causation, but they clearly have proven the point that further, independent research is needed, and soon. Furia L, Hill DW, and Gandhi OP, (1986): Effect of Millimeter Wave Irradiation on Growth of Saccaromyces Cerevisiae, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 33, 993-999. Published at https://www.ecfr.gov/. Olmedo, P., Goessler, W., Tanda, S., et al. and Shafirkin, A.V., 2010. Pakhomov and Murphy Paper: Review of Russian Research. We have set up a new phone number to schedule appointments. [94]. Some of the toxic chemicals found in vape products, such as diacetyl, are used even though the. 1) The research is not independent. In addition, let us clarify that we stated the RFR signal modulations for the data discussed in our manuscript. It is certainly true that not all studies designed to test for oxidative stress following exposure to RFR show positive results.

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