stream 1.1 ORIGIN OF LIFE The earth was formed about five billion years ago. Preface Acknowledgements 1. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. <> Body or Genes?Page 77342.1 Modes of Animal ReproductionPage 77542.2 Reproductive System of Human MalesPage 77742.3 Sperm FormationPage 77942.4 Reproductive System of Human FemalesPage 78142.5 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Female TroublesPage 78242.6 Preparations for PregnancyPage 78342.8 When Gametes MeetPage 78542.9 Preventing or Seeking PregnancyPage 78742.10 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Sexually Transmitted DiseasesPage 789IMPACTS, ISSUES: Mind-Boggling BirthsPage 79343.1 Stages of Reproduction and DevelopmentPage 79543.2 Early Marching OrdersPage 79743.3 From Blastula to GastrulaPage 79943.4 Specialized Tissues and Organs FormPage 80043.5 An Evolutionary View of DevelopmentPage 80143.6 Overview of Human DevelopmentPage 80243.7 Early Human DevelopmentPage 80343.8 Emergence of the Vertebrate Body PlanPage 80543.9 The Function of the PlacentaPage 80643.10 Emergence of Distinctly Human FeaturesPage 80743.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Mother as Provider and ProtectorPage 80943.12 Birth and LactationPage 811UNIT VII: PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGYPage 814IMPACTS, ISSUES: My Pheromones Made Me Do ItPage 81544.1 Behavioral GeneticsPage 81744.2 Instinct and LearningPage 81944.4 Communication SignalsPage 82144.5 Mates, Offspring, and Reproductive SuccessPage 82344.6 Living in GroupsPage 82544.7 Why Sacrifice Yourself?Page 82744.8 FOCUS ON SCIENCE: Human BehaviorPage 828IMPACTS, ISSUES: The Numbers GamePage 83145.1 Population DemographicsPage 83345.2 FOCUS ON SCIENCE: Elusive Heads to CountPage 83445.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthPage 83545.4 Limits on Population GrowthPage 83745.5 Life History PatternsPage 83945.6 FOCUS ON SCIENCE: Natural Selection and Life HistoriesPage 84145.7 Human Population GrowthPage 84345.8 Fertility Rates and Age StructurePage 84545.9 Population Growth and Economic EffectsPage 84745.10 Rise of the SeniorsPage 848IMPACTS, ISSUES: Fire Ants in the PantsPage 85146.1 Which Factors Shape Community Structure?Page 85346.2 MutualismPage 85446.3 Competitive InteractionsPage 85546.4 PredatorPrey InteractionsPage 85746.5 FOCUS ON EVOLUTION An Evolutionary Arms RacePage 85946.6 ParasiteHost InteractionsPage 86146.7 FOCUS ON EVOLUTION Strangers in the NestPage 86246.8 Ecological SuccessionPage 86346.9 Species Interactions and Community InstabilityPage 86546.10 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Exotic InvadersPage 86746.11 Biogeographic Patterns in Community StructurePage 869IMPACTS, ISSUES: Bye-Bye, Blue BayouPage 87347.1 The Nature of EcosystemsPage 87547.2 The Nature of Food WebsPage 87747.3 Energy Flow Through EcosystemsPage 87947.4 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Biological MagnificationPage 88147.5 Biogeochemical CyclesPage 88247.6 The Water CyclePage 88347.7 Carbon CyclePage 88547.8 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Greenhouse Gases and Climate ChangePage 88747.9 Nitrogen CyclePage 88947.10 The Phosphorus CyclePage 891IMPACTS, ISSUES: Surfers, Seals, and the SeaPage 89548.1 Global Air Circulation PatternsPage 89748.2 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Something in the AirPage 89948.3 The Ocean, Landforms, and ClimatesPage 90148.4 Biogeographic Realms and BiomesPage 90348.5 Soils of Major BiomesPage 90548.6 DesertsPage 90648.7 Grasslands, Shrublands, and WoodlandsPage 90748.8 More Rain, Broadleaf ForestsPage 90948.9 FOCUS ON BIOETHICS: You and the Tropical ForestsPage 91048.10 Coniferous ForestsPage 91148.11 TundraPage 91248.12 Freshwater EcosystemsPage 91348.14 Coastal ZonesPage 91548.15 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: The Once and Future ReefsPage 91748.16 The Open OceanPage 91948.17 Climate, Copepods, and CholeraPage 921IMPACTS, ISSUES: A Long ReachPage 92549.1 The Extinction CrisisPage 92749.2 Current Threats to SpeciesPage 92949.4 Assessing BiodiversityPage 93149.5 Effects of Development and ConsumptionPage 93349.6 The Threat of DesertificationPage 93549.7 The Trouble With TrashPage 93649.8 Maintaining Biodiversity and Human PopulationsPage 937Appendix I: Classification SystemPage 941Appendix II: Annotations to A Journal ArticlePage 945Appendix III: Answers to Self-Quizzes and Genetics ProblemsPage 953Appendix IV: Periodic Table of the ElementsPage 957Appendix V: Molecular ModelsPage 958Appendix VI: Closer Look at Some Major Metabolic PathwaysPage 960Appendix VII: A Plain English Map of the Human ChromosomesPage 964Appendix VIII: Restless EarthLifes Changing Geological StagePage 965Appendix IX: Units of MeasurePage 967Appendix X: A Comparative View of Mitosis in Plant and Animal CellsPage 968IndexPage 1000, 1243 Schamberger Freeway Apt. 6 0 obj They also show that fish had bones in their fins that developed into our legs and feet. This text includes new coverage and pedagogy that encourages students to think critically about hot-button issues and includes outstanding new features that take students beyond memorization and encourage them to ask questions in new ways as they learn to interpret data. Biology: The Unity And Diversity Of Life [PDF] [4lvn3oub6hn0] BOTA 22043 PLANT EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY. Toc: Front CoverPage 1Title PagePage 6CopyrightPage 7CONTENTSPage 10INTRODUCTIONPage 35IMPACTS, ISSUES: Lost Worlds and Other WondersPage 37A Pattern in Lifes OrganizationPage 39Organisms Sense and Respond to ChangePage 41Organisms Grow and ReproducePage 421.3 Overview of Lifes DiversityPage 431.4 An Evolutionary View of DiversityPage 45The Scope and Limits of SciencePage 46About the Word TheoryPage 47Some Terms Used in ExperimentsPage 48Butterflies and BirdsPage 49Asking Useful QuestionsPage 501.8 FOCUS ON SCIENCE: Sampling Error in ExperimentsPage 51UNIT I: PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR LIFEPage 54IMPACTS, ISSUES: What Are You Worth?Page 552.1 Start With AtomsPage 572.2 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Putting Radioisotopes to UsePage 582.3 Why Electrons MatterPage 592.4 What Happens When Atoms Interact?Page 612.5 Waters Life-Giving PropertiesPage 632.6 Acids and BasesPage 65IMPACTS, ISSUES: Fear of FryingPage 693.1 Organic MoleculesPage 713.2 From Structure to FunctionPage 733.3 CarbohydratesPage 753.4 Greasy, OilyMust Be LipidsPage 773.5 ProteinsDiversity in Structure and FunctionPage 793.6 Why Is Protein Structure So Important?Page 813.7 Nucleic AcidsPage 83IMPACTS, ISSUES: Food for ThoughtPage 874.1 The Cell TheoryPage 894.2 What Is a Cell?Page 914.3 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: How Do We See Cells?Page 934.4 Introducing Prokaryotic CellsPage 954.5 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Microbial MobsPage 964.6 Introducing Eukaryotic CellsPage 974.7 Visual Summary of Eukaryotic Cell ComponentsPage 984.8 The NucleusPage 994.9 The Endomembrane SystemPage 1014.11 Other OrganellesPage 1034.12 Cell Surface SpecializationsPage 1054.13 The Dynamic CytoskeletonPage 107IMPACTS, ISSUES: One Bad Transporter and Cystic FibrosisPage 1115.1 Organization of Cell MembranesPage 1135.2 Membrane ProteinsPage 1155.3 Diffusion, Membranes, and MetabolismPage 1175.4 Passive and Active TransportPage 1195.5 Membrane TraffickingPage 1215.6 Which Way Will Water Move?Page 123IMPACTS, ISSUES: A Toast to Alcohol DehydrogenasePage 1276.1 Energy and the World of LifePage 1296.2 Energy in the Molecules of LifePage 1316.3 How Enzymes Make Substances ReactPage 1336.4 MetabolismOrganized, Enzyme-Mediated ReactionsPage 1356.5 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Night LightsPage 137IMPACTS, ISSUES: BiofuelsPage 1417.1 Sunlight as an Energy SourcePage 1437.2 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Exploring the RainbowPage 1457.3 Overview of PhotosynthesisPage 1467.4 Light-Dependent ReactionsPage 1477.5 Energy Flow in PhotosynthesisPage 1497.6 Light-Independent Reactions: The Sugar FactoryPage 1507.7 Adaptations: Different Carbon-Fixing PathwaysPage 1517.8 Photosynthesis and the AtmospherePage 1537.9 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: A Burning ConcernPage 154IMPACTS, ISSUES: When Mitochondria Spin Their WheelsPage 1578.1 Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown PathwaysPage 1598.2 GlycolysisGlucose Breakdown StartsPage 1618.3 Second Stage of Aerobic RespirationPage 1638.4 Aerobic Respirations Big Energy PayoffPage 1658.5 Anaerobic Energy-Releasing PathwaysPage 1678.6 FOCUS ON HEALTH: The TwitchersPage 1688.7 Alternative Energy Sources in the BodyPage 1698.8 Reflections on Lifes UnityPage 171UNIT II: PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCEPage 174IMPACTS, ISSUES: Henriettas Immortal CellsPage 1759.1 Overview of Cell Division MechanismsPage 1779.2 Introducing the Cell CyclePage 1799.3 A Closer Look at MitosisPage 1819.4 Cytoplasmic Division MechanismsPage 1839.5 FOCUS ON HEALTH: When Control Is LostPage 185IMPACTS, ISSUES: Why Sex?Page 18910.2 What Meiosis DoesPage 19110.3 Visual Tour of MeiosisPage 19310.4 How Meiosis Introduces Variations in TraitsPage 19510.5 From Gametes to OffspringPage 19710.6 Mitosis and MeiosisAn Ancestral Connection?Page 199IMPACTS, ISSUES: The Color of SkinPage 20311.1 Mendel, Pea Plants, and Inheritance PatternsPage 20511.2 Mendels Law of SegregationPage 20711.3 Mendels Law of Independent AssortmentPage 20911.4 Beyond Simple DominancePage 21111.5 Linkage GroupsPage 21311.6 Genes and the EnvironmentPage 21411.7 Complex Variations in TraitsPage 215IMPACTS, ISSUES: Strange Genes, Tortured MindsPage 21912.1 Human ChromosomesPage 22112.2 Examples of Autosomal Inheritance PatternsPage 22312.3 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Too Young to be OldPage 22512.5 Heritable Changes in Chromosome StructurePage 22712.6 Heritable Changes in the Chromosome NumberPage 22912.7 Human Genetic AnalysisPage 23112.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Prospects in Human GeneticsPage 233IMPACTS, ISSUES: Here, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, KittyPage 23713.1 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: The Hunt for DNAPage 23913.2 The Discovery of DNAs StructurePage 24113.3 DNA Replication and RepairPage 24313.4 Using DNA to Duplicate Existing MammalsPage 24513.5 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Fame and GloryPage 246IMPACTS, ISSUES: Ricin and Your RibosomesPage 24914.1 DNA, RNA, and Gene ExpressionPage 25114.2 Transcription: DNA to RNAPage 25314.3 RNA and the Genetic CodePage 25514.4 Translation: RNA to ProteinPage 25714.5 Mutated Genes and Their Protein ProductsPage 259IMPACTS, ISSUES: Between You and EternityPage 26315.1 Gene Expression in Eukaryotic CellsPage 26515.2 A Few Outcomes of Eukaryotic Gene ControlsPage 26715.3 FOCUS ON SCIENCE: Theres a Fly in My ResearchPage 26915.4 Prokaryotic Gene ControlPage 271IMPACTS, ISSUES: Golden Rice or Frankenfood?Page 27516.1 Cloning DNAPage 27716.2 From Haystacks to NeedlesPage 27916.3 DNA SequencingPage 28116.4 FOCUS ON SCIENCE: DNA FingerprintingPage 28216.5 Studying GenomesPage 28316.7 Designer PlantsPage 28516.8 Biotech BarnyardsPage 28716.9 Safety IssuesPage 28816.10 FOCUS ON BIOETHICS: Modified Humans?Page 289UNIT III: PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTIONPage 292IMPACTS, ISSUES: Measuring TimePage 29317.1 Early Beliefs, Confounding DiscoveriesPage 29517.2 A Flurry of New TheoriesPage 29717.3 Darwin, Wallace, and Natural SelectionPage 29917.5 About FossilsPage 30117.6 Dating Pieces of the PuzzlePage 30317.7 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: A Whale of a StoryPage 30417.8 Putting Time Into PerspectivePage 30517.9 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Drifting Continents, Changing SeasPage 307IMPACTS, ISSUES: Rise of the Super RatsPage 31118.1 Individuals Dont Evolve, Populations DoPage 31318.2 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: A Closer Look at Genetic EquilibriumPage 31518.3 Natural Selection RevisitedPage 31618.4 Directional SelectionPage 31718.5 Selection Against or in Favor of Extreme PhenotypesPage 31918.6 Maintaining VariationPage 32118.7 Genetic DriftThe Chance ChangesPage 32318.8 Gene FlowPage 32418.9 Reproductive IsolationPage 32518.10 Allopatric SpeciationPage 32718.11 Other Speciation ModelsPage 32918.12 MacroevolutionPage 331IMPACTS, ISSUES: Bye Bye BirdiePage 33519.1 Taxonomy and CladisticsPage 33719.2 Comparing Body Form and FunctionPage 33919.3 Comparing Patterns of DevelopmentPage 34119.4 Comparing DNA and ProteinsPage 34319.5 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Making Data Into TreesPage 34519.6 Preview of Lifes Evolutionary HistoryPage 347IMPACTS, ISSUES: Looking for Life in All the Odd PlacesPage 35120.1 In the Beginning . [ PDF ] Brand New China: Advertising, Media, and C [ PDF ] China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of C [ PDF ] Discovering : Inventing Solving Problems a [ PDF ] The Man Who Invented the Chromosome: A Lif [ PDF ] Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Fa [ PDF ] Not All Dead White Men: Classics and Misog [ PDF ] Njinga of Angola: Africa's Warrior Queen Now. Evolution and the Diversity of Life GET BOOK Download Evolution and the Diversity of Life Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle The diversity of living forms and the unity of evolutionary processes are themes that have permeated the research and writing of Ernst Mayr, a Grand Master of evolutionary biology. IN COLLECTIONS. Search the history of over 752 billion Wiley The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology, 2nd If natural selection acts on individuals, evolution results from the persistence and spread of selected, heritable changes through successive generations in a population. . Expanded and updated, the second edition is illustrated throughout with striking color photographs depicting the spectacular evolutionary adaptations of the most ecologically and taxonomically diverse vertebrate . Books for People with Print Disabilities. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Books to Borrow. [ PDF ] Bird Coloration, Volume 1: Mechanisms and [ PDF ] Long Shot: Vaccines for National Defense Now, [ PDF ] Apollo in the Age of Aquarius for Free. Do Physical Factors Regulate Phytoplankton Distribution Patterns in Large, Shallow Lakes? PDF Evolution and diversity of life - nie.lk Biodiversity and Evolution | Undergraduate Biology Program <> Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. [ PDF ] Finding Time: The Economics of Work-Life C [ PDF ] Black Jacks: African American Seamen in th [ PDF ] Thirst: Water and Power in the Ancient Wor [ PDF ] Driving Force: The Natural Magic of Magnet [ PDF ] Prairie Dogs: Communication and Community [ PDF ] Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and [ PDF ] Family Firm to Modern Multinational: Norto [ PDF ] The Equations: Icons of Knowledge Online. 1.6: The Origins, Evolution, Speciation, Diversity and Unity of Life endobj To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. 2 0 obj T}0IMRu^WIbkkKA-#bK,F*n:m+uD=I1m+! PDF Chapter 3: Evolutionary mechanisms and the diversity of life Evolution and the Diversity of Life Selected Essays ~ Mayr has shown himself to be a true follower of Darwin Wallace and Huxley His writings are lively and critical and they provide remarkable insight into the development of the field The range of topics covered in these essays is awesome when one realizes that they are the product of a single mind BIOL 1010 Evolution & Diversity of Life - Syllabus 1 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE - BIO 1010 ONLINE COURSE INFORMATION: Title: Evolution a nd Diversity of Life (BIOL 1010 Section P04 Fall 2017 CO ) Instructor: Karen Stancil , Ph.D. endobj (PDF) Diversity of Life - ResearchGate .Page 35320.2 How Did Cells Emerge?Page 35520.3 Lifes Early EvolutionPage 35720.4 Where Did Organelles Come From?Page 35920.5 Time Line for Lifes Origin and EvolutionPage 36120.6 FOCUS ON SCIENCE: About AstrobiologyPage 363UNIT IV: EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITYPage 366IMPACTS, ISSUES: The Effects of AIDSPage 36721.1 Viral Characteristics and DiversityPage 36921.2 Viral ReplicationPage 37121.3 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Viroids and PrionsPage 37321.4 ProkaryotesEnduring, Abundant, and DiversePage 37421.5 Prokaryotic Structure and FunctionPage 37521.6 The BacteriaPage 37721.7 The ArchaeansPage 37921.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Evolution and Infectious DiseasePage 381IMPACTS, ISSUES: The Malaria MenacePage 38522.1 The Many Protist LineagesPage 38722.2 Flagellated ProtozoansPage 38922.3 Foraminiferans and RadiolariansPage 39122.4 The CiliatesPage 39222.5 DinoflagellatesPage 39322.6 FOCUS ON HEALTH: The Cell-Dwelling ApicomplexansPage 39422.7 The StramenopilesPage 39522.8 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: The Plant DestroyersPage 39622.9 Green AlgaePage 39722.10 Red Algae Do It DeeperPage 39922.11 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Amoeboid Cells at the CrossroadsPage 400IMPACTS, ISSUES: Beginnings and EndingsPage 40323.1 Evolution on a Changing World StagePage 40523.2 Evolutionary Trends Among PlantsPage 40723.3 The BryophytesPage 40923.4 Seedless Vascular PlantsPage 41123.5 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Ancient Carbon TreasuresPage 41323.6 Seed-Bearing PlantsPage 41423.7 GymnospermsPlants With Naked SeedsPage 41523.8 AngiospermsThe Flowering PlantsPage 41723.9 Focus on a Flowering Plant Life CyclePage 41923.10 FOCUS ON SCIENCE: The Worlds Most Nutritious PlantPage 420IMPACTS, ISSUES: High-Flying FungiPage 42324.1 Fungal Traits and ClassificationPage 42524.2 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: The Flagellated FungiPage 42624.3 Zygote Fungi and RelativesPage 42724.4 Sac FungiAscomycetesPage 42924.5 Club FungiBasidiomycetesPage 43124.6 The Fungal SymbiontsPage 43324.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH: An Unloved FewPage 434IMPACTS, ISSUES: Old Genes, New DrugsPage 43725.1 Animal Traits and Body PlansPage 43925.2 Animal Origins and Adaptive RadiationPage 44125.4 The SpongesPage 44325.5 CnidariansTrue TissuesPage 44525.6 FlatwormsSimple Organ SystemsPage 44725.7 AnnelidsSegmented WormsPage 44925.8 MollusksAnimals With a MantlePage 45125.9 FOCUS ON EVOLUTION CephalopodsFast and BrainyPage 45325.10 Rotifers and TardigradesTiny and ToughPage 45425.11 RoundwormsUnsegmented Worms That MoltPage 45525.12 ArthropodsAnimals With Jointed LegsPage 45625.13 CheliceratesSpiders and Their RelativesPage 45725.14 The Mostly Marine CrustaceansPage 45825.16 The InsectsPage 45925.17 Insect Diversity and ImportancePage 46125.18 The Spiny-Skinned EchinodermsPage 463IMPACTS, ISSUES: Transitions Written in StonePage 46726.1 The Chordate HeritagePage 46926.2 Vertebrate Traits and TrendsPage 47126.4 The Jawed FishesPage 47326.5 AmphibiansFirst Tetrapods on LandPage 47526.6 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Vanishing ActsPage 47626.7 The Rise of AmniotesPage 47726.8 FOCUS ON EVOLUTION So Long, DinosaursPage 47826.9 Diversity of Modern ReptilesPage 47926.10 BirdsThe Feathered OnesPage 48126.11 The Rise of MammalsPage 48326.12 Modern Mammalian DiversityPage 48526.13 From Early Primates to HominidsPage 48726.14 Emergence of Early HumansPage 48926.15 Emergence of Modern HumansPage 491IMPACTS, ISSUES: A Cautionary TalePage 49527.1 Levels of Structural OrganizationPage 49727.2 Common ChallengesPage 49927.3 Homeostasis in AnimalsPage 50127.4 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Heat-Related IllnessPage 50227.5 Does Homeostasis Occur in Plants?Page 50327.6 How Cells Receive and Respond to SignalsPage 505UNIT V: HOW PLANTS WORKPage 508IMPACTS, ISSUES: Droughts Versus CivilizationPage 50928.1 The Plant BodyPage 51128.2 Plant TissuesPage 51328.3 Primary Structure of ShootsPage 51528.4 A Closer Look at LeavesPage 51728.5 Primary Structure of RootsPage 51928.6 Secondary GrowthPage 52128.7 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Three Rings and Old SecretsPage 52328.8 Modified StemsPage 524IMPACTS, ISSUES: Leafy Cleanup CrewsPage 52729.1 Plant Nutrients and Availability in SoilPage 52929.2 How Do Roots Absorb Water and Nutrients?Page 53129.3 How Does Water Move Through Plants?Page 53329.4 How Do Stems and Leaves Conserve Water?Page 53529.5 How Do Organic Compounds Move Through Plants?Page 537IMPACTS, ISSUES: Plight of the HoneybeePage 54130.1 Reproductive Structures of Flowering PlantsPage 54330.2 Flowers and Their PollinatorsPage 54530.3 A New Generation BeginsPage 54730.4 Flower SexPage 54930.5 Seed FormationPage 55030.6 FruitsPage 55130.7 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering PlantsPage 553IMPACTS, ISSUES: Foolish Seedlings, Gorgeous GrapesPage 55731.1 Patterns of Development in PlantsPage 55931.2 Plant Hormones and Other Signaling MoleculesPage 56131.3 Examples of Plant Hormone EffectsPage 56331.4 Adjusting the Direction and Rates of GrowthPage 56531.5 Sensing Recurring Environmental ChangesPage 56731.6 Senescence and DormancyPage 569UNIT VI: HOW ANIMALS WORKPage 572IMPACTS, ISSUES: Open or Close the Stem Cell Factories?Page 57332.1 Organization of Animal BodiesPage 57532.2 Epithelial TissuePage 57632.3 Connective TissuesPage 57732.4 Muscle TissuesPage 57932.5 Nervous TissuePage 58032.6 Overview of Major Organ SystemsPage 58132.7 Vertebrate SkinExample of an Organ SystemPage 58332.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Farming SkinPage 584IMPACTS, ISSUES: In Pursuit of EcstasyPage 58733.1 Evolution of Nervous SystemsPage 58933.2 NeuronsThe Great CommunicatorsPage 59133.3 Membrane PotentialsPage 59233.4 A Closer Look at Action PotentialsPage 59333.5 How Neurons Send Messages to Other CellsPage 59533.6 A Smorgasbord of SignalsPage 59733.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Drugs Disrupt SignalingPage 59833.8 The Peripheral Nervous SystemPage 59933.9 The Spinal CordPage 60133.10 The Vertebrate BrainPage 60333.11 The Human CerebrumPage 60533.12 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: The Split BrainPage 60733.13 NeurogliaThe Neurons Support StaffPage 608IMPACTS, ISSUES: A Whale of a DilemmaPage 61134.1 Overview of Sensory PathwaysPage 61334.2 Somatic and Visceral SensationsPage 61534.3 Sampling the Chemical WorldPage 61734.4 Sense of BalancePage 61834.5 Sense of HearingPage 61934.7 Sense of VisionPage 62134.8 A Closer Look at the Human EyePage 62334.9 From the Retina to the Visual CortexPage 62534.10 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Visual DisordersPage 627IMPACTS, ISSUES: Hormones in the BalancePage 63135.1 Introducing the Vertebrate Endocrine SystemPage 63335.2 The Nature of Hormone ActionPage 63535.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary GlandPage 63735.4 Growth Hormone Function and DisordersPage 63935.5 Sources and Effects of Other Vertebrate HormonesPage 64035.6 Thyroid and Parathyroid GlandsPage 64135.7 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Twisted TadpolesPage 64235.8 Pancreatic HormonesPage 64335.9 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Blood Sugar DisordersPage 64435.10 The Adrenal GlandsPage 64535.11 Too Much or Too Little CortisolPage 64635.12 Other Endocrine GlandsPage 64735.13 A Comparative Look at a Few InvertebratesPage 648IMPACTS, ISSUES: Pumping Up MusclesPage 65136.1 Invertebrate SkeletonsPage 65336.2 The Vertebrate EndoskeletonPage 65536.3 Bone Structure and FunctionPage 65736.4 Skeletal JointsWhere Bones MeetPage 65936.5 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Those Aching JointsPage 66036.6 SkeletalMuscular SystemsPage 66136.7 How Does Skeletal Muscle Contract?Page 66336.8 From Signal to Response: A Closer Look at ContractionPage 66536.9 Energy for ContractionPage 66636.10 Properties of Whole MusclesPage 66736.11 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Disruption of Muscle ContractionPage 668IMPACTS, ISSUES: And Then My Heart Stood StillPage 67137.1 The Nature of Blood CirculationPage 67337.2 Characteristics of BloodPage 67537.4 Blood TypingPage 67737.5 Human Cardiovascular SystemPage 67937.6 The Human HeartPage 68137.7 Pressure, Transport, and Flow DistributionPage 68337.8 Diffusion at Capillaries, Then Back to the HeartPage 68537.9 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Blood and Cardiovascular DisordersPage 68737.10 Interactions With the Lymphatic SystemPage 689IMPACTS, ISSUES: Frankies Last WishPage 69338.1 Integrated Responses to ThreatsPage 69538.2 Surface BarriersPage 69738.3 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Remember to FlossPage 69838.4 Innate Immune ResponsesPage 69938.5 Overview of Adaptive ImmunityPage 70138.6 Antibodies and Other Antigen ReceptorsPage 70338.7 The Antibody-Mediated Immune ResponsePage 70538.8 The Cell-Mediated ResponsePage 70738.9 FOCUS ON HEALTH: AllergiesPage 70838.10 VaccinesPage 70938.11 Immunity Gone WrongPage 71038.12 AIDS RevisitedImmunity LostPage 711IMPACTS, ISSUES: Up in SmokePage 71539.1 The Nature of RespirationPage 71739.2 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Gasping for OxygenPage 71839.3 Invertebrate RespirationPage 71939.4 Vertebrate RespirationPage 72139.5 Human Respiratory SystemPage 72339.6 Cyclic Reversals in Air Pressure GradientsPage 72539.7 Gas Exchange and TransportPage 72739.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Respiratory Diseases and DisordersPage 72939.9 High Climbers and Deep DiversPage 731IMPACTS, ISSUES: Hormones and HungerPage 73540.1 The Nature of Digestive SystemsPage 73740.2 Overview of the Human Digestive SystemPage 73940.3 Food in the MouthPage 74040.4 Food Breakdown in the Stomach and Small IntestinePage 74140.5 Absorption From the Small IntestinePage 74340.6 The Large IntestinePage 74540.7 Metabolism of Absorbed Organic CompoundsPage 74640.8 Human Nutritional RequirementsPage 74740.9 Vitamins, Minerals, and PhytochemicalsPage 74940.10 FOCUS ON HEALTH: Weighty Questions, Tantalizing AnswersPage 751IMPACTS, ISSUES: Truth in a Test TubePage 75541.2 How Do Invertebrates Maintain Fluid Balance?Page 75741.3 Fluid Regulation in VertebratesPage 75941.4 The Human Urinary SystemPage 76141.5 How Urine FormsPage 76341.6 Regulation of Water Intake and Urine FormationPage 76541.7 AcidBase BalancePage 76641.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH: When Kidneys FailPage 76741.9 Heat Gains and LossesPage 76841.10 Temperature Regulation in MammalsPage 769IMPACTS, ISSUES: Male or Female?

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