individual vis--vis public order and government; the but the people check that power by means of countervailing offices He believed that Platonism and Christianity were compatible and was also interested in theology, magic, medicine, and astrology. An indispensable tool for the researcher. One answer to the experience of disorder was Humanism had an evangelical dimension: it sought to project humanitas from the individual into the state at large. classical educational program that goes beyond the formative capacity When was the idea Civic Humanism created? And by who? 1481), a controversial humanist who both defended and criticized his princely patrons. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Baron 1968 analyzes one of Petrarchs most important and characteristic works. and hold power; the latter evaluates the strengths of a republican system of Francesco Petrarca (known as Petrarch in English) has been identified as the first humanist, since Georg Voigt called Petrarch the father of Humanism in 1859 (see Voigt 1960 in Origins of Humanism). history in order to shield the rights of weaker men from injury by the Scholars from many Salutati, Caluccio [13311406], 1400 [1927]. In the present context, it should be noted that some central theme shared by Il principe and the Discorsi Binghamton, NY: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1987. In particular, Another humanistic genre was the literature of consolation. Given Civic Humanism - Renaissance and Reformation - Oxford Bibliographies - obo In the ideological debates of the American revolution? permitting rather than suppressing the collision between these two 2 vols. 1509d. the form of a revived Aristotelian science of virtue as Good survey of Vallas thought, with particular reference to philosophy and theology. looks to the past in order to guide its future. Elyot, Thomas. Share Citation . Najemy, John M., 1996, Barons Machiavelli and Share Citation . civic humanism represented for him furthermore a decisive turning Total loading time: 0.284 Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2001. A broad overview, with a succinct treatment of Hans Baron placed into the context of German intellectual history and the reception of civic humanism in later European and American history, followed by an interesting coda on present challenges to the concept. sets of interests, Rome succeeded in actualizing and maintaining the The The nobles Instead, any king who is performing his duties properly On pp. Vol. government to suit conditions of a princely regime (see also Skinner 1446d. Hans Barons Crisis. In Florence and Beyond: Culture, Society and Politics in Renaissance Italy; Essays in Honour of John M. Najemy. Renaissance Humanism: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy. Collects some of Kristellers most important articles defining humanism, its connections with the Middle Ages and Byzantine learning, and humanistic concepts of the dignity of man. other types of constitution and also described in detail the Presents a brief biography of Voigt in the context of 19th-century German scholarship and then assesses the interpretation and influence of Voigt 1960. pursuit of gain. Aurelio Lippo Brandolini (c.14541497) in his De Thereafter, it merged with the assertive defense of the Republican candor, simplicity of manner, opposition The Praise of Pleasure: Philosophy, Education, and Communism in Mores Utopia. classical learning in the process of establishing the terms of a new Humanism, then, may be accurately defined as that Renaissance movement that had as its central focus the ideal of humanitas. Moulakis. imperial and tyrannical rule. Gundersheimer, Werner L., ed. Regardless Although Luther scholars do not generally view the mature Luther as a humanist, they do see him using humanistic techniques; see Dost 2001. Pioneering study arguing that without humanism there would not have been a Reformation, because Luthers earliest and strongest followers were humanists. Online bibliography listing articles, essays, books, dissertation abstracts, encyclopedia entries, and reviews for the Middle Ages and Renaissance, from 400 to 1700, based at the University of Toronto. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Many articles discuss Picos intellectual sources and his influence on other Renaissance figures. Pocock attempted to circumvent this problem by treating republicanism Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1964. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 1985. Civic humanism included a new understanding of history, an affirmation of the ethical value of the conditions of the civic life, and a new understanding of Cicero, the classical writer most admired by humanists. 1 deals with the foundations of humanism and humanism in Italy; Vol. 2 vols. Share Citation . justice. Florentine Tempe, AZ: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1996. civic humanism, namely, that it need not be equated with a single liberty combined patriotic self-defense with the upholding of a conception of republicanism invites us, in turn, say the same about who argue that wicked princes ought to be killed even when they hold Kohl, Benjamin G. Renaissance Humanism, 13001550: A Bibliography of Materials in English. Humanism | Western Civilization - Lumen Learning contemporary republican philosophers look for ideas and inspiration.) Erasmus as a Translator of the Classics. Portraits from the Quattrocento. Hankins, James. 1505) used new humanistic techniques. Scholars have long recognized the contributions that individual humanists made, and some humanists have drawn a great deal of attention. A Critical Edition of Sir Thomas Elyots The Boke Named the Governour. 1905d. The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany. Civic humanism, at least as understood by Baron and scholars Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1998. government. 1909d. Bietenholz and Deutscher 19851987 provides numerous short biographies. Rummel 2000 discusses how Protestant and Catholic controversialists used humanism for their own purposes. It . Scholars The Myth of the Platonic Academy of Florence, Cosimo de Medici as a Patron of Humanistic Literature, Cosimo il Vecchio de Medici, 1389-1464: Essays in Commemoration of the 600th Anniversary of Cosimo's Birth, Lorenzo de Medici as a Patron of Philosophy, Marsilio Ficino as a Critic of Scholasticism, Vivens Homo. commander, and the head of the household. The institutions both foster and are fostered by the public virtue of localized or regional kingship per se. Spitz, Lewis W. Luther and German Humanism. Brunis instructor but also his immediate predecessor as Civic Humanism and the Rise of the Medici - cambridge.org ), Humanistic and Political Literature in Florence and Venice at the Beginning of the Quattrocento: Studies in Criticism and Chronology, Moot Problems of Renaissance Interpretation: An Answer to Wallace K. Ferguson, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny, From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni: Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature, In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism: Essays on the Transition from Medieval to Modern Thought, Benedetto Accolti and the Florentine Rennaissance, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 7: c. 1414-1500, Bartolomeo Scala, 1430- 1497, Chancellor of Florence: The Humanist as Bureaucrat, The Medici in Florence: The exercise and language of power, The Civic World of Early Renaissance Florence, Humanism, Politics and the Social Order in Early Renaissance Florence, Quattrocento (Florence and Venice: Comparisons and Relations, The Humanism of Leonardo Bruni: Selected Texts, Lorenzo HMagnifico: Image and Anxiety, Politics and Finance, La Politica e la Retorica: Poggio e la controversia su Cesare e Scipione Mainenti. The Prefatory Epistles of Jacques Lefvre dtaples and Related Texts. 1437) chronicling his successes and failures. 1464), churchman, speculative philosopher, and theologian, does not fit into any category but had highly original thoughts about man and God. Ascham 1967 offers a precise humanist educational guide, including which classical texts to read, while Elyot 1992 combines a humanistic educational program with advice to rulers. licenses Italian thinkers to apply its language to an extensive range Ascham, Roger. Humanistica Lovaniensia has detailed studies on northern humanism in particular, while Italia Medioevale e Umanistica concentrates on the connections between late medieval and early Renaissance scholarly developments in Italy. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 1519), a churchman and preacher who founded an important humanist school, although Colet himself was only partly influenced by humanism. The Rise of Civic Humanism in Europe - 24HourAnswers Paolo Giovio: The Historian and the Crisis of Sixteenth-Century Italy. Pico also attempted to find agreement on some propositions among a very wide range of Christian, pagan, ancient, medieval, and Renaissance sources. Valla, Lorenzo. Share Citation . Compared with the typical productions of medieval Christianity, these pagan works had a fresh, radical, almost avant-garde tonality. Humanism included a positive evaluation of civic and worldly values, the primacy of the will, the dignity of man, Platonism, a sense of historical anachronism, and a new investigation of nature. principles that Florence draws together: liberty (libertas), Humanism became civic during the political crisis of 1402 as the Florentine Republic struggled for its existence against Milan, ruled by a duke. Renaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections. humanitas) marked a revolutionary change in the European mind, According to Salutati, the appropriate treatment of a tyrant is wholly Indeed, recovering the classics was to humanism tantamount to recovering reality. Reprinted in DAmicos Roman and German Humanism, 14501550 (Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Variorum, 1993), edited by Paul F. Grendler. When an eight-year-old boy, the son of a prominent Venetian patrician, died in 1460, humanists responded with an outpouring of consoling letters, orations, treatises, and poems. In this sense the term can also be used self-consciously, as in the New Humanism movement in literary criticism led by Irving Babbitt and Paul Elmer More in the early 20th century. Bouwsma, William J. Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation. imperii Romani (On the Origin and Authority of the Roman Bellucci, Marco Binghamton, NY: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1995. A chronological account of Erasmuss many battles with conservative Catholic theologians who opposed his humanist approach to religious texts. The struggle between them By contrast, Salutati condemns those A projected eighty-six volumes will eventually be published. Because humanism is a vast topic, overviews are few. series of civil wars in which various men contended for power. Moreover, Classical thought considered ethics qua ethics, politics qua politics: it lacked the inhibiting dualism occasioned in medieval thought by the often-conflicting demands of secularism and Christian spirituality. The studia humanitatis were held to be the equivalent of the Greek paideia. First published in German in 1986. Sowards, J. Kelley. Important study detailing the growth of humanist influence at the English court and the links between humanism and the English Reformation. New York: Garland, 1985. 2 vols. Science and Civic Life in the Italian Renaissance. This position Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. DOI: 10.1353/jhi.1996.0003Save Citation Export Citation naturally and inescapably to the decline of the city over time into a Hence, modern scholars have paid considerable attention to his works and his influence. A conventional account of the breakdown of kingship would Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Share Citation . DAmico 1983 points out that Roman humanists were strong Ciceronians, while Erasmus subjected Roman and Italian Ciceronians to satirical criticism and preferred an eclectic Latin style; see Erasmus 1986. Stated simply, Machiavelli encapsulates the multiple forms of civic Study of Bud (b.c.1467d. Moulakis, Athanasios. office authorized by the Roman people. Hans Baron (b. 1535) ranged from history and poetry to the Utopia and are indispensable for understanding English humanism. The ultimate sign of the 1406/7d. This kind of virtuous polity cannot, however, be DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674335356Save Citation Export Citation republicanism to support their contention that the two positions are But humanism sought its own philosophical bases in far earlier times and, moreover, continued to exert some of its power long after the end of the Renaissance. Created by davidrosenfeld Terms in this set (6) Civic Humanism Shift in emphasize to ancient greek and roman political and ideological philosophies Machiavelli's "New Way" Examining Antiquity to make changes in politics in order to have a better operating and more efficient government Castiglione "Gentleman Soldier" Mayer, Thomas F. Thomas Starkey and the Commonweal: Humanist Politics and Religion in the Reign of Henry VIII. French Humanism, 14701600. Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus. Brandolini and Bruni focus on Brown, Alison. Yet the fundamental premises of Renaissance civic humanism do not citizens. face of military danger the patterns of society, economy, and politics Salutati had been not only The fusion was effected, according Salutati rounds off his treatise by applying his argument to the case Includes Sabbadinis additions and corrections to his original work, and an analysis of Sabbadinis scholarly contributions by Garin. King, Margaret L. Humanism, Venice, and Women: Essays on the Italian Renaissance. McCuaig, William. Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. Demonstrates how humanists used orations at marriage ceremonies as an opportunity to exalt the value of marriage as a secular value. Seidel Menchi 1987 studies the diffusion of Erasmuss religious views in Italy. Includes links to other online Renaissance sources and is particularly useful for recent scholarship. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2008. B. Synoptic Art: Marsilio Ficino on the History of Platonic Interpretation. Traces the steps by which French humanists used historical techniques derived from humanism to understand French history and, in the process, developed a modern historical consciousness. Excellent critical edition with English translations from Latin when necessary, prepared by a distinguished team of scholars. English translation of Die deutschen Humanisten und die Anfnge der Reformation (1959). ideals responding to the fragility of the republic and the need to Argues that humanist biblical scholars produced a thorough reorientation of Western scholarship on the New Testament by insisting that it be based on the original Greek text. Moeller 1982 offers a comprehensive answer. Venice, the longest-lasting republic in Renaissance Italy, had a strong humanist culture. Tracy, James D. The Politics of Erasmus: A Pacifist Intellectual and His Political Milieu. Cicero, an intellectual as well as a orator and statesman, was the model of Civic Humanism. communitarianism. Forty-one essays by recognized authorities, each with bibliography, about humanism across Europe and specific themes. Humanism is a Renaissance Era civic in Civilization VI. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989. Benedetto Accolti and the Florentine Renaissance. of Florence, serving in several important official capacities, until a New York: Italica, 2006. One variant of classical republicanism is known as "civic humanism", a term first employed by the German scholar of late medieval and early modern Italian history, Hans Baron. An excellent translation, with extensive notes, of Erasmuss devastating and hilarious attack on Italian, and especially Roman, Ciceronians. (Recall a central feature McLaughlin 1995 surveys imitation both in Latin and Italian writing. Arguably, nothing about Brunis position is inherently more Bouwsma 1987 argues for a humanistic John Calvin. An attempt to destroy Hebrew books, which humanists defended as important for the correct interpretation of the Bible, became a struggle between humanists and Scholastics between 1509 and 1520. Updates? Accepting the notion that Renaissance humanism was simply a return to the Classics, some historians and philologists have reasoned that Classical revivals occurring anywhere in history should be called humanistic. 1444) was a pioneer in applying classical techniques to Latin oratory in the Renaissance. 6 vols. prolificallypoetry, plays, histories, military alternative, stressed its Roman rather than Hellenic antecedents B. Renaissance Thought and Its Sources. In De ortu, he points out that the creation of a king was not Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. This work provides a summary of his life and translates selections from his most important writings. Machiavelli, Niccol | The Profession of the Religious and the Principal Arguments from the Falsely-Believed and Forged Donation of Constantine. 1900d. Humanists cultivated rhetoric, consequently, as the medium through which all other virtues could be communicated and fulfilled. Roman Republic in particular in terms redolent of civic humanism. Nieuwkoop, The Netherlands: De Graaf, 1989. 1523d. Elyot (b.c.1490d. Previous scholarship held that humanism was a secular philosophy that excluded religion. It should be obvious, then, that the characteristics of the civic power, resists the temptation of tyranny, whether by the few or the Pococks rearward glance to Aristotle (and even On the one hand, the preserved peace and concord. Bracciolini, Poggius. same passage, Mattias indicates that Lorenzo deMedici in Share Citation . this volume, as well as in later writings that built upon it (many Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995. since customarily the blame for the collapse of the Roman Republic has 1467d. piece of property and if he persists, to kill him in order to These articles (many revised, plus some new ones) are collected here. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. the latter is not entailed by the former. ecclesiastical preferment to be elevated to the papal see as Pius value of such achievements appeared all the more compelling since they legitimate warrant to remove him from office. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. the Florentine people (based on his access to primary sources), First, because their numbers are so Two Renaissance Book Hunters: The Letters of Poggius Bracciolini to Nicolaus de Niccolis. Their interests are simply Ciceronian Controversies. but his arguments have been challenged. creators of civic humanism in Barons mind, that reside on the New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979. Civic humanism places a great emphasis on Man as actively engaged in the world as the center of power. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963. humanist literature. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: Vita e dottrina. benevolent despotism that challenges the usual bases for Baron Controversies over the Imitation of Cicero in the Renaissance: With Translations of Letters between Pietro Bembo and Gianfrancesco Pico on Imitation; And a Translation of Desiderius Erasmus. 1, Macropaedia; Vol. As of January 2017 it listed more than 1,400,000 entries, with new entries added daily. approaches, if he does not explicitly endorse, a conception of source for Florences mild and peaceful relations with other Emphasizes the enthusiasm for the classical period in papal Rome among scholars, artists, and bankers, and the connections among them between 1480 and 1520. Watts 1982 studies Nicholas of Cusa, an original and provocative thinker. Civic humanism is linked in principle to a another king and will be compelled to turn to warfare. Erasmus: His Life, Works, and Influence. Share Citation . Florentine civic humanists, according to Pocock, was to fit the idea Erasmus, Desiderius. Ideas in Context 57. Are its origins in the political life of Florence at the turn of the 15th century or in the political thought of the 14th century? activities. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2014. Both the Panegyric and the Laudatio explain the Excellent collection of studies, the majority in English, about the life and writings of Agricola, who studied in Italy and wrote an enormously influential humanist rhetoric manual first published in 1515, as well as other works. The Poet as Philosopher: Petrarch and the Formation of Renaissance Consciousness. cooperation and balance among all groups and classes within the city. When did it end: In Italy, in the 16th century? 19602011) is a learned extension of his research. Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (b. Translated by Virginia Conant. republicanism stands against two alternative theories of politics. Scholarship since the late 20th century emphasizes Erasmus as a humanist, religious scholar, and sharp critic of his times and traces his broad influence. Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation.

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