[GE01/07] - Petroleum Fluid Research Center (PFRC) and Research Grant No. These approaches were (A) squaring the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, (B) relative error, (C) standard deviation, and (D) cross plots. If the temperature changes, the density of the crude oil changes along the colored line.Examples of the use of the figures are given below the figures. Although, oils of widely varying compositions can have the same gravity, considerable errors may be introduced when the viscosities of heavy oils are estimated from general viscosity trends and the API gravity. Hydrocarbon Process 55:153158, Labedi R (1992) Improved correlations for predicting the viscosity of light crudes. Before developing the new viscosity model, understanding the relationship between the input and output variables is essential; specifically, identifying which parameters are insignificant and can be eliminated from the final model and the parameters that are highly correlated with the output. This equation can also be written using the compressibility factor (Z). Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. The major properties of heavy fuel oil are as follows; 1. 5 4 2 2 6\omega + 0. This gives value of 800- 1010 kg/m3 for marine heavy fuel oil. Several empirical models for estimating the viscosity of dead oils were evaluated using dynamic viscosity data of heavy crude oils from the reservoirs of Middle East. It thus became the standard fuel for large marine diesel engines during the oil crisis in the 1970s and 1980s, and it required extensive adaptation of the injection system and other components of low and medium speed engines which are still the only reciprocating engines capable of running on HFO. Atmospheric Heavy Gasoil Density Vs. Several correlations for predicting dead oil viscosity are available in the literature. Recent developments in improved oil technologies have increased the demand for heavy oil in the international market. Curve fitting by regression methods of the experimental density data with respect to the standard API gravity and temperature was applied. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Elsharkawy AM, Alikhan AA (1999) Model for predicting the viscosity of Middle East crude oils. Generally, API gravity of light crudes exceeds 38. The comparison between the experimental data and the predicted values indicated that the proposed model successfully predicted the experimental data with an average absolute relative error of less than 8% and correlation coefficients (R As 25362 says, these fuels are then heated to obtain the optimum viscosity for atomisation. "State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements for the density of oil. Fluid densities have been estimated using Standing (1957) method, with n correction factors. The assessment of the agreement between the experimental viscosity data and the predicted values indicates that the proposed model successfully represents the experimental data with an average absolute relative error of less than 8% and coefficients of determination R Sulphur Chem Eng Res 67:329334, Beal C (1946) Viscosity of air, water, natural gas, crude oil and its associated gases at oil field temperature and pressures. b is the boiling point. Heavy oil viscosity and density prediction at normal and elevated temperatures, $$\rho_{\text{od}} = f\left( {T,API_{{@60\,^\text{{o} F}}} } \right)$$, $$\mu_{\text{od}} = f\left( {T,\rho_{od} } \right),$$, $$\rho_{od} = \bar{a} + \bar{b}\left( {{\text{API}}_{{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{${60\,^{o} F}$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{60\,^{o} F} {60\,^{o} F^{{}} }}}\right.\kern-0pt} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{${60\,^{o} F^{{}} }$}}}} } \right) + \bar{c}\left( T \right),$$, \(\bar{a},\bar{b}\,{\text{and}}\,\bar{c}\), $$\mu_{\text{od}} \,\alpha \,\,\left( {\frac{1}{{T^{b} }}} \right)$$, $$\mu_{\text{od}} \,\,\alpha \,\,c\ln \rho_{\text{od}} .$$, $${ \ln }\left( {\mu_{\text{od}} } \right) = \hat{a} + \frac{{\hat{b}}}{{T^{2} }} + \hat{c}\left( {\rho_{\text{od}}^{2} } \right)\ln \rho_{\text{od}} .$$, $$\rho \,\, = \,\rho_{\text{sc}} \, + \Delta \rho_{p} \,\, + \Delta \rho_{T} .$$, $$\begin{aligned} \Delta \rho_{p} \, & = \left[ {0.167\, + \,\left( {16.181} \right)10^{{0.0425\rho_{sc} }} } \right]\left( \frac{P}{1000} \right) \\ \Delta \rho_{T} & \, = \left[ {0.013\, + 152.4\,\left( {\rho_{sc} \, + \Delta \rho_{p} } \right)^{ - 2.\,45} } \right]x\left( {T - 520} \right) - \, \\ \quad \left[ {8.1\left( {10^{ - 6} } \right) - (90.06)x10^{{ - 0.764\,\left( {\rho_{sc} + \Delta \rho_{p} } \right)}} } \right]\left( {T - 520} \right)^{2}, \\ \end{aligned}$$, $$P = \frac{{R_{g} T}}{v - b} - \frac{a\left( T \right)}{{v\left( {v + b} \right) + b\left( {v - b} \right)}},$$, $$Z^{3} - \left( {1 - B} \right)Z^{2} + \left( {A - 3B^{2} - 2B} \right)Z - \left( {AB - B^{2} - B^{3} } \right) = 0.$$, $$a\left( {T_{\text{c}} } \right) = \alpha \frac{{R_{\text{g}}^{2} T_{\text{c}}^{2} }}{{P_{\text{c}} }}$$, $$b\left( {T_{\text{c}} } \right) = \beta \frac{{R_{\text{g}} T_{\text{c}} }}{{P_{\text{c}} }}$$, $$a\left( T \right) = a\left( {T_{\text{c}} } \right)\left( {1 + m\left( {1 - T_{\text{r}}^{{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. sc is the measured density at standard conditions kgm3. Another statistical test was performed on the data and the models; a measure of the standard deviation (SD) was performed between the experimental and calculated data with Eq. The original values of the parameters and gave an average error of density more than 90%, but after tuning the parameters and using new values of 0.009, 0.0058, respectively, the average error was 80.3%. Flow of Heavy Oils at Low Temperatures: Potential Challenges and The volume of your crude oil at 250C is 1000m3*1.188 = 1188 m3. Normally the level of water in the fuel is very low, since an effort is made by the supplier to deliver the fuel as dry as possible. ), derived from the baseload crude oil, may also be present in relatively high quantities. 0.1% - 0.2 % by volume is typical. Beal and Labedi were excluded from this figure due to the high error values. Generally HFO typically includes bitumen, asphaltenes and long chain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These dead oil measurements can be used as the starting point for live oil viscosity and density predictions. These values were subjected to a simple statistical analysis to assess the distribution of the data points (Table1). 6. c, T If you have the fuel oil density given in API, use the API-to-gravity converter.See also similar correlations for lubricating oil, crude oil and jet fuel. 2. Temperature dependence of density and viscosity of vegetable oils The mammalian health effects data are derived primarily from dermal studies as this is the primary route of human contact. (Easy check: Lowest volume at the lowest temperature). If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Heating is an essential process, which makes it an integral part of fuel oil treatment. 1964). 7 shows the behavior of all the tested models against the experimental and calculated values. 2005; Petrosky and Farshad 1995; Standing 1947) were used to determine the capability of these models to predict the experimental viscosity data. In Use the misuse of heavy oil and bituman viscosity data, 46th. These include tank condensation, leakage of steam from heating coils, and bunker tank leakage. c are the critical temperature and pressure, respectively, T If necessary,gas oil or kerosene streams are blended to achieve the desired properties (i.e., viscosity) for various industrial applications. The volume of your crude oil at 15C is 100liters*0.965 = 97 liters. However there are chemicals that can be used to lower the sulphur content in HFO. Formulas are taken from Russia's GOST R 8.610-2004. [28]. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Part of Springer Nature. Density is the relationship between mass and volume at a stated temperature, and the SI unit is Kg/m3. (Easy check: Lowest volume at the lowest temperature). Annual technical meeting of the petroleum society of CIM, 9395. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) is a category of fuel oils of a tar-like consistency.Also known as bunker fuel, or residual fuel oil, HFO is the result or remnant from the distillation and cracking process of petroleum.For this reason, HFO is contaminated with several different compounds including aromatics, sulfur and nitrogen, making emissions upon combustion more polluting compared to other fuel oils. Viscosity. At 50C the correction factor is 0.965. The maximum limit of carbon residue content in fuel is 22 %. Gas oil is a low-viscosity - often clear, yellowish to brownish - liquid with a specific density in the order of 0.85 to 0.89 g/cm 3. HFO is used in heaters, boilers, furnaces, kilns and power generators. Marine diesel or heavy fuel oil are toxic residuals from the distillation of crude oil with a boiling temperature between about 350 C and 500 C and a significantly increased viscosity compared to diesel. From statistical analysis, the proposed model was demonstrated as one of the best models in comparison with other models published in the literature. Prior to the analysis, each sample was shaken vigorously using open-air platform shakers to achieve homogeneity. c and P These properties are very important and should be evaluated precisely for reservoir simulation. 2. Labedi (1992) also correlated the dead oil viscosity in the range of 0.66 to 4.79cP and gravity in the range from 32.2 to 48.0API as a function of API gravity and temperature covering the range from 38 to 152C. Crude-oil . Using 91 data points, Labedi (1992) claimed that his equation was more accurate than previous efforts (Beal 1946) and (Beggs and Robinson 1975), which might have been true for this tight viscosity range; however, large errors were observed when this model was applied outside of these temperature, viscosity, or API ranges. Viscosity and density were measured in the temperature range from 20 to 160C. J Pet Sci Eng 47:163174, Peng DY, Robinson DB (1976) A new two-constant equation of state. Older purifiers work with a fuel having a maximum of 991 kg/m3; with modern purifiers it is . PDF Heavy oil viscosity and density prediction at normal and elevated A sensitivity analysis was performed for the main parameters (viscosity , density , and temperature T) for all the experimental data (Table 5). 3. 10 are calculated by applying the equation at the critical point. The average of the pseudo-component for each group of hydrocarbons in each distillation range was calculated. where P is the pressure, T is the temperature, v is the molar volume, R J Petrol Explor Prod Technol 6, 253263 (2016). Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Online calculator: Petroleum product density - PLANETCALC The density of HFO is limited to 991kg/m3 to facilitate efficient centrifuging. , n, and p are the experimental, predicted values of dynamic viscosity, the number of data points, and the number of parameters, respectively. [GE03/08]. You have 1000 m3 of a fuel oil with a density of 960 kg/m 3 at 15C. However, Water can come from a number of sources on the bunker barge and in ships bunker tanks. 2 of 0.97 and 0.92 at normal and high temperature, respectively. The accuracy of the experimental density data was determined using Standing and Katz method. Consequently, the published EoS theories are not suitable to represent our experimental viscosity data. Pet Coal 49:3339, Standing MB (1947) A pressure-volume-temperature correlation for mixtures of california oils and gases. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The ash content is related to the amount of inorganic material in the fuel. Formulas are taken from Russia's GOST R 8.610-2004. . Calorific Value (CV) Trans AIME 165:94115, Article JPT 16(10):11701176, Miller K, Erno B (1995) Use the misuse of hevy oil and bituman viscosity data. How will the volume change if you heat it to 100C? What is oil density? You may see ads that are less relevant to you. A total of 30 heavy oil samples of different API gravities ranging from 11.7 to 18.8 were tested. The residual fuels are products that consist primarily of the residuum from vacuum distillation and catalytic and thermal cracking processes. Density: Density is the relationship between mass and volume at a stated temperature, and the SI unit is Kg/m3. The overall result shows that it is not an easy task to generalize a dead oil viscosity model along with the API and temperature as an input for that model.

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